ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 388
II. Isotopes in Geochemical Cycles ..................................................................................... 389
III. Isotope Effects in the Water Cycle ................................................................................. 390
A. The Reservoir Model ............................................................................................... 390
B. Exchange between Different Phases of Water ........................................................ 390
C. Vapor-Liquid Isotope Fractionation and the Study of Reservoirs ........................ 391
D. Water in Precipitation ............................................................................................. 392
1. The Isotope Composition of Rain .................................................................... 392
2. Migration Effects, Altitude Effects, Seasonal Effects,
Reevaporation Effects ....................................................................................... 392
3. The Case of Hailstorms .................................................................................... 393
a. Early Tenets of the Method ........................................................................ 393
i. Experiments ......................................................................................... 393
ii. Results, Further Models, and Discussion ............................................ 393
4. The d
H-d
O Relation in Precipitations ....................................................... 395
IV. Archives of Atmospheric Isotopic Effects Retained by Ice Caps .................................. 396
V. Isotopic Effects on Atmospheric Carbon in the Carbon Cycle ...................................... 398
A. Isotopes of Atmospheric Methane .......................................................................... 398
1. Sources .............................................................................................................. 399
2. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 399
3. Removal Processes ........................................................................................... 399
4. Atmospheric
CH
........................................................................................... 400
5. Atmospheric dD ............................................................................................... 400
B. Isotopes of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide ........................................................... 400
1. Sources and Sinks ............................................................................................. 400
2. Atmospheric Concentration and Isotopic Composition ................................... 401
3. Summary ........................................................................................................... 401
C. Isotopes of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide .............................................................. 402
VI. Isotope Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen ....................................................................... 402
VII. Isotope Effects of Atmospheric Oxygen ......................................................................... 403
A. Air Oxygen .............................................................................................................. 403
B. Ozone ....................................................................................................................... 403
C. Nitrous Oxide .......................................................................................................... 403
D. Atmospheric Sulfates .............................................................................................. 403
VIII. Isotope Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur ............................................................................ 403
A. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 404
B. Turnover and Inventory ........................................................................................... 405
C. Nature, Isotopic Composition, and Atmospheric Chemistry of Sulfur .................. 405
D. Effects during Removal of Sulfur from the Atmosphere ....................................... 407
1. Archean Isotope Atmospheric Chemistry of Sulphur and
Nonmass-Dependent Isotope Effect ................................................................. 407
IX. Isotope Effects on Zinc and Lead in the Atmosphere .................................................... 407
X. Deuterium Enrichments in the Organic Molecules of the Interstellar Medium ............ 407
XI. Constraints in Using Deltas, Capital Deltas, and Reference Samples ........................... 410
A. Possible Evolution of Measurements of Isotope Effects ....................................... 411
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ 411
References .................................................................................................................................... 411
This chapter deals with isotope effects observed in the troposphere, and with effects on hydrogen
and nitrogen isotopes occurring in interstellar media.
