ABSTRACT
The distinction between past, present and future is only an illusion, however persistent.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) German born theoretical physicist and discoverer of the theory of relativity
Suppose that two adversarial countries enter into an agreement to terminate all underground nuclear weapons testing. Obviously, each wants to verify that the other is complying and not surreptitiously engaging in such testing. In this case, there is no need for secrecy, only guaranteed authentication, called authentication without secrecy. What is being sought is authentication without covert channels9.1 with a goal to verify treaty compliance. This was indeed proposed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Simmons9.2 [209]–[211] as a means
public-key
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Compliance To detect an underground nuclear test, seismic sensors can be placed in each
country in probable sites where such testing would occur, essentially creating a family of seismic nets. However, each country has to have assurance that the other country will not be able to cheat, so there must be confidence in the scheme through authentication, and the assurance of tamper-resistant seismic sensors. The latter can be accomplished by the host (meaning the host country which is allowing the other side to put sensors in their territory) creating their own tamper-proof sensors.9.3 Suppose the treaty specifies that each host must allow monitors from the other country who can engage in on-site inspections within the their borders, and suppose that the United Nations (UN) is involved in the treaty as an arbitrator.
