ABSTRACT
Heat processing systems that burn fossil fuel such as oil, natural gas, and coal have made an important
and indispensable contribution to the industrial sector. In Japan,
the amount of the fossil fuel
consumption for industrial heat processing systems is about 5% of the overall energy consumption. The
operating temperature ranges are very wide, but they are also very specific for a particular heating
processing. For example, the temperatures associated with steel production range from 1800 to 700 K; for
the nonferrous metal industry such as copper production from 1500 to 500 K, for the ceramic industry
such as cement production from 1223 to 473 K, and for the paper manufacturing industry from 1223 to
973 K.
