ABSTRACT
SIRM Is the Only Genetic Control Tactic That Has een Deployed .............. 337 liiy Control Problems Limit Efficacy and Increase Costs
.................................................................................... enetir Control Programs 338 ethods of Genetic Pest Control Have Not een Deployed .................. 339
ds ...................................... Are Used with Genetically ................................................................... 340
ipulation and Deployment of Natural Enemies .................... .. ..... 340 : A Nondiapausing Strain ....................................... L 4 0 verfent Selection for Nondiapause ............... 341
19.3.2.3 Genetic Improvement of Metaseiul~is occidex~nlis ..................... ... ..... ,341 ...... 19.3.2.4 Appropriate Deployment Models .................................................... 344
19.3.2.5 Driving Genes into Populations with olbnchici ..................................... 344 19.4 Transgenic Arthropods for Pest ....................................... 345
19.4.1 A Transgenic Predatory essing Risks ................. 3 4 6 19.4.2 Regulatory Agencies an
...................................................................................... seiulzes occidentalis 348 of Releasing a Transgenic Arthropod in Florida in 1996 ........................... 350
19.4.4 Some Responses from the Media ............................................................................. 351 ........................................................... otential Risks, Real Risks, and Public erceptions 358
........... 9.5.1 Horizontal Gene Transfer ............................................................................ 352 .............................................................................. 19.5.1.1 Estimates of Frequency 353
19.5.1.2 Transfer of Antibiotic-or Pesticide es ............................. 353 19.5.1.3 Horizontal Gene Transfer between
within the Insect Gut ................................................................................. 354 19.5.1.4 Horizontal Gene Transfer by Transposons ................................................ 354
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................... 19.5.1.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer by Feeding on Exogenous DNA .m .......................... 19.5.1.6 Movement of Most Genes inio Symbionts and Parasites 356
19.52 Can We Predict the Outcomes of Releasing Transgenic Insects with ............................................................ 19.6 Laboratory Containment of Transgenic Arthropods ,358
.................. ........................ 19.6.1 Uniform Containment Facilities and Procedures .. ~ ~ , 3 5 8 .......................... 19.6.2 Variable Risks of Accidental Releases of Transgenic Arthropods ,359
19.7 Co~lclusions ........................................................................................................................... 359 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 361 References ........................... . ................................................................................................... 362
The development of molecular methods for genetic manipulation of arthropods has created exciting new opportunities for aitering the genomes of both pest and beneficial arthropods (for example, Ploy. 1994: Ashhurner et al.. 1998). Authors in this book have developed elegant molecular genedc methods for inserting exogenous DNA by gene targeting or the use of viral or transposable element
then have identified interesting genes and regulatory elements that have the poten:ial for conferring useful traits upon specific transgenic arthropods in a tissue-specific manner.
