ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 61 Desirable Features of an Ideal Animal Model for HIV-AIDS...................................................... 62 Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) Infection in Horses as a Model ................................... 63 Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) Infection in Cattle as a Model....................................... 63 Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna Virus (MVV) Infections in Sheep as Models....................................................................................................... 64 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in Cats as a Model ........................................... 64 HIV Infection in Small Animal Models ........................................................................................ 65
Transgenic Mice and Rats.................................................................................................... 65 SCID Mice............................................................................................................................ 66
HIV, SIV and SHIV Infections in Nonhuman Primate Models ................................................... 66 Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)............................................................................................ 66 Baboons (Papio cynocephalus) ............................................................................................ 67 Monkeys................................................................................................................................ 67
Comparisons between the Primate Immunodeficiency Viruses and HIV in Terms of Infections in Respective Host Species ................................................. 68 Nonhuman Primate Models for Studies Related to HIV-Associated Pathology..... 69 Nonhuman Primate Models for HIV Vaccine Development ................................... 70
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 73 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 73 References ...................................................................................................................................... 73
INTRODUCTION
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global epidemic caused by one of two related retroviruses of the lentivirus family, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2. Most cases of AIDS worldwide are due to HIV-1 infection, but cases due to HIV-2 infection are more prevalent in certain areas of Africa. According to reports from the United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 2002, 42 million people are living with HIV-AIDS, and 5 million new cases are reported every year throughout the world. Most AIDS-related complications and deaths
occur in sub-Saharan Africa, but Asia now accounts for 15% of all infections, with an estimated 3.9 million cases reported in India alone. Important strides have been made in the treatment of HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, this therapy is expensive and therefore is accessible mainly to people in developed countries. Drug-related toxicity and the development of drug-resistant strains are the main problems associated with HAART that hinder progress in curtailing this epidemic.
