ABSTRACT
Thorax freely articulating between prothorax and mesothorax. Prothorax subcylindrical to dorsally depressed. Pronotum with lateral edges deplanate and strongly carinate, to rounded and ecarinate; pronotal hind angles extended in most, dorsally ecarinate, unicarinate, or bicarinate. Hypomeron large, subtriangular, often
with antennal or crural cavities or impressions. Prosternum with anterior margin truncate, or extended and deflexed to form a lobe, or chin piece, covering ventral mouthparts; posterior intercoxal portion extended and fitting into a mesosternal fossa. Mesosternum reduced, with deep median fossa to receive prosternal intercoxal process. Scutellum triangular, pentagonal, cordate, ovoid, to elongate. Elytra elongate, narrow, separately or conjointly rounded at apices, some attenuate and spinose, or emarginate and bispinose; with 9 striae, rarely with short stria 10, each stria serially punctate to sulciform, often obsolescent, subparallel or apically coalescent. Mesocoxae globular, narrowly to moderately separated. Metasternum large, subquadrate. Metacoxae nearly approximate, transverse, excavate posteriorly, most with a ventral plate or lamina. Metathorax alate and wings functional in most, frequently brachypterous to micropterous, rarely apterous; venation variable; radial cell large, elongate; medial field with wedge cell in most; apical field with 0-3 sclerotized patches. Leg long and slender, often received in cural depression or fossa; femur subfusiform, flattened ventrally; tibia slender, often spinose, with no or two apical spurs; tarsal formula 5-5-5, tarsomeres filiform to broadened or emarginate, most with spiniform setae, often with ventral setose pads or membranous lobes; pretarsal claws slender, to strongly toothed, cleft, or pectinate, with or without ventral and ectal setae.
