ABSTRACT
Larvae (see Lawrence 1991) with body subcylindrical to slightly flattened; surface with few to many tubercles. Head protracted and prognathous; frontoclypeal suture and epicranial suture absent. Two or four stemmata present in most groups, these absent in a few taxa. Antennae well developed, 3-segmented. Mandibles symmetrical, with serrate incisor lobe in some taxa, a slender, hyaline prostheca and a tuberculate or asperate mola. Maxilla with transverse cardo, 3-segmented palp, and falciform mala. Labial palps widely separated, 1- or 2-segmented. Gula markedly transverse. Ventral epicranial ridges present. Tergite IX with a pair of urogomphi, mostly branched. Legs well-developed, 5-segmented.
