ABSTRACT
Compartments Table 33.12 Comparison of the Size of the Absorptive Surface of the Various
Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract Table 33.13 Comparison of Physiological Characteristics of Experimental
Animals and Humans Table 33.14 Comparison of Certain Physiological Values of Experimental
Animals and Humans Table 33.15 Comparison of Biochemical Components in Urine of Normal
Experimental Animals and Humans Table 33.16 Comparison of Some Biochemical/Physiological/Morphological
Differences of Potential Toxicological Significance Between Rats and Humans
Table 33.17 Permittivity and Conductivity of Biological Tissues Section 3. Mathematics, Symbols, Physical Constants, Conversions, and Statistics
A. Symbols
Table 33.19 Base Units of SI Table 33.20 Representative Derived Units Table 33.21 Prefixes and Symbols for Decimal Multiples and
Submultiples Table 33.22 Conversion of Human Hematological Values from Traditional
Units into SI Units Table 33.23 Conversion of Laboratory Values from Traditional Units into
SI Units Table 33.24 Calculation of Milliequivalent Weight, Creatinine Clearance,
and Surface Area of Children Table 33.25 Table for Predicting Human Half-Life of Xenobiotics from Rat
Half-Life Table 33.26 Table for Predicting Human Volume of Distribution from Rat
Volume of Distribution Table 33.27 Approximate Metric and Apothecary Weight Equivalents Table 33.28 Conversion Factors — Metric to English Table 33.29 Conversion Factors — English to Metric Table 33.30 Conversion Factors — General Table 33.31 Temperature Factors Table 33.32 Temperature Conversions Table 33.33 Table of Equivalents Table 33.34 Overview of Units Used to Express the Concentration of a
Substance Table 33.35 Conversions of Nucleic Acids and Proteins Table 33.36 Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and μCi to MBq Table 33.37 Conversion Formula for Concentration of Solutions
C. Physical Constants Table 33.38 General Physical Constants Table 33.39 Summary of the 1986 Recommended Values of the Fundamental
Physical Constants Table 33.40 Standard Atomic Weights
D. Statistics Figure 33.1 Decision Tree for Selecting Hypothesis-Testing Procedures Table 33.41 Transformation of Percentages into Logits Table 33.42 Transformation of Percentages into Probits Table 33.43 Areas under the Standard Normal Curve Table 33.44 Poisson Distribution Table 33.45 t-Distribution Table 33.46 χ2 Distribution Table 33.47 Variance Ratio General Statistical References
E. Kinetics Table 33.48 Table of Equations and their Uses
Section 4. Calculations, Preparation, and Properties of Various Types of Substances Commonly Used in Toxicology A. Molarity, Molality, Normality, Osmolarity Calculations B. Solution Calculations C. pH Calculations D. Glossary of Terms Associated with Solutions
Table 33.50 Physiological Solutions Table 33.51 Composition of Typical Organ Perfusion Medium Table 33.52 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography Table 33.53 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Table 33.54 13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents Table 33.55 Important Peaks in the Mass Spectra of Common Solvents Table 33.56 Solvents for Liquid Chromatography
Section 5. National Standards Table 33.57 Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants Table 33.58 U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Standards
Section 6. Design and Performance of Toxicology Studies A. Acceptable Toxicology Study Requirements
Table 33.59 Minimum Requirements for an Acceptable Toxicology Study
References B. Estimated Costs and Test Sample Requirements for Standard Toxicology
Tests Table 33.60 Mammalian Toxicology Tests — Cost and Material
Requirements Table 33.61 Genetic Toxicology Tests — Cost and Material
Requirements Table 33.62 Aquatic/Ecotoxicology Tests — Cost and Material
Requirements C. Contract Laboratories
Table 33.63 Directory of Contract Toxicology Laboratories References
Section 7. Organizations and Agencies Table 33.64 Organizations and Agencies Associated with Toxicology and/or
Toxicological Issues Section 8. Internet/Web Sites
Table 33.65 Useful Internet Sites Section 9. Acronyms
Table 33.66 Frequently Encountered Acronyms Section 10. Academic Programs in Toxicology
Table 33.67 Academic Programs in Toxicology: United States and Canada
References Section 11. Miscellaneous
A. Radioactivity Table 33.68 Decay Constants and Modes for Selected Radionuclides
B. Ionization Table 33.69 pKa Values of Common Drugs Table 33.70 Approximate pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods
C. Chemical Functional Groups Table 33.71 Chemical Functional Groups Table 33.72 Properties of Common Amino Acids
D. Material Safety Data Sheets Table 33.73 Information Disclosed on a Material Data Sheet (MSDS) References
TABLE 33.1 LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Acetaldehyde Rabbit 300 1,200 Rat 640 1,900
Acetaminophen Rat 500 338
Acetanilide Mouse 820 Rat 800 800
Acetone cyanohydrin Rabbit 17
Acetylsalicylic acid Mouse 495 1,100 Rat 500 1,500 Guinea pig 1,200 Rabbit 1,800 Dog 3,000
Acetylcholine Mouse 20 >125 170 3,000 Rat 22 250 2,500 Rabbit 0.3 Cat 10
Aconitine Mouse 6.9 20
Albuterol sulfate Mouse >2,000 Rat >2,000
Alfentanil HCl Mouse 73 Rat 45 Guinea pig 75 Dog 75
Allobarbital Rat 110 50
Alloxan Mouse 200 350
Allopurinol Rat 4,500
Allylamine Mouse 57 Rat 106
Allyl chloride Rat 700
α-Prodine Mouse 54 73 98 Rat 22 23 90 Guinea pig 18
Rabbit 18.5 Alprazolam
Rat 331-2,171 Altretamine
Mouse 437 Rat 1,050
Amidephrine Mouse 1,990 >6,000
Amiloride (base) Mouse 56 Rat 36-85
Aminocaproic Mouse 3 g/kg 12 g/kg Rat 3.2 g/kg 16.4 g/kg
Aminoglutethimide Rat 156 1,800 Dog >100 >100
Aminohippurate sodium
Mouse, female 7.22 g/kg Aminophenazone
Mouse 184 350 1,850 Rat 110 1,380 Rabbit 160 Dog 150
Aminophylline Mouse 540 Rabbit 150
Aminopyrine Mouse 184 350 1,850 Rat 248 1,700
Amitriptyline Mouse 27 76 328 289 Rat 10 72 1,290 530 Rabbit 9.9 446 Dog 10 72 200
Ammonium fluorosilicate
Guinea pig 150 Amobarbital
Rat 128 115 160 Rabbit 75 575 Dog 75 125
Amphetamine Mouse 25 120 22 Rat 125 160 60.5 Rabbit 85
Aniline Rat 440
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Anileridine (base) Mouse 25 53 100 128 Rat 45 163 175
o-Anisidine Mouse 1,300 Rat 1,400 Rabbit 2,900
p-Anisidine Mouse 1,400 Rat 2,000 Rabbit 870
Antazoline Rat 1.1 mmol/kg
Antipyrine Mouse 1,000 1,800 Rat 1,800
Apomorphine Dog 80
Aprobarbital Rat 100
Arsenic pentoxide Mouse 50-100 Rat 8
Arsenic trioxide Mouse 30-60 Rat 13-30
Asparaginase Mouse 500K I.U./kg Rabbit 22K I.U./kg
Atracurium besylate Mouse, male 1.9 Mouse, female 2 Rat, male 1.3 283
Atrazine Rat 1.2 g/kg
Atropine Mouse 90 250 900 400 Rat 280 750 Guinea pig 400 1,100
Auranofin Mouse 310 Rat 265
Azacyclonol Mouse 177 220 350 650
Azapetine Mouse 27 210 600 725 460 Rabbit 28 Dog 50
Azathioprine Mouse 2,500
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 400 Aziridine
Rat 15 Guinea pig 14
Barbital Mouse 760 600
Barium chloride Mouse 500 Rat 178
Beclomethasone dipropionate
Mouse >1 g/kg Rat >1 g/kg
Bemegride Mouse 20 45 43 100 Rat 16.3 23.5 30.5 Guinea pig 26.5 Rabbit 25
Benactyzine Mouse 100-130 250 350 Rat 100-130
Benztropine Mouse 25 103 94 Rat 353
Betaxolol Mouse 350-920 Rat 860-1,050
Bethanechol chloride
Mouse 1,510 Bethanidine
Mouse 12 150 260 520 Biperiden
Mouse 56 545 Rat 750 Dog 340
Bisacodyl Mouse 17,500 Rat 4,320
bis(2-chloroethyl)- ether
Rat 75-150 Bitolterol mesylate
Mouse 6,575 Rat 5,650
Bretylium Mouse 20 49 72 400
Bromoacetic acid Mouse 100
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Bromomethane Rat 214
1-Bromopropane Rat 4,000
Buformin Mouse 380 Rat 320
Bulbocapnine Mouse 195
Bupivacaine HCl Mouse 6-8 38-54
Bupropion HCl Mouse, male 544 Mouse, female 636 Rat, male 607 Rat, female 482
Buspirone Mouse 655 Rat 196 Dog 586 Monkey 356
Busulfan Mouse 120
1,4-Butynediol Rat 104 Guinea pig 130
Butyronitrile Mouse 50 Rat 140-220
Cadmium chloride Rat 88
Cadmium cycanide Rat 16
Cadmium fluoride Guinea pig 150
Cadmium nitrate Mouse 100
Cadmium oxide Rat 72-296
Caffeine Mouse 100 1,200 Rat 105 245 250 200 Dog 175
Calcium chloride Rat 500 4,000
Capreomycin sulfate Mouse 514
Captan Rat 9,000-1,500
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Carbachol Mouse 0.3 3 15 Rat 0.1 4 40
Carbamazepine Mouse 350 1,100-3,570 Rat 3,850-4,025 Rabbit 1,500-2,680 Guinea pig 920
Carbenicillin Mouse 3,600 Rat 2,000 Dog >500 Rat 450 1,320 Rabbit 124
Carbromal Rabbit 500-700 Dog 450
Cefoxitin sodium Mouse, female 8 g/kg Rat >10 g/kg Rabbit >1 g/kg
Ceftazidime Rabbit >2 g/kg
Cefuroxime sodium Mouse >10 g/kg
Centchroman Mouse 400
Chloral hydrate Mouse 890 Rat 620 500
Chloralose Mouse 200
Chlorambucil Mouse 123
Chlordiazepoxide Mouse 95 268 530 720 Rat 165 800 2,000 Rabbit 36 590 Dog 1,000
Chlorisondamine Mouse 24 401 Rat 28
Chloroacetic acid Mouse 165 Rat 76
Chloroacetonitrile Mouse 139 Rat 220
p-Chloroaniline Rat 310
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Rat 1,070 2-Chloroethanol
Rat 58-95 Chloromethyl methyl ether
Rat 817 p-Chloronitrobenzene
Rat 810 Chloroprocaine HCl
Mouse 97 950 Chlorothiazide
Mouse 1,120 8,510 Rat 1,386 10,000 Dog 1,000 >1,000
Chlorpheniramine Mouse 162
Chlorpromazine Mouse 26 92 300 319 Rat 29 74 542 493 Rabbit 235 Dog 228
Chlorprothixene (2%) Mouse 350
Chlorprothixene (5% suspension)
Mouse 220 Chlorprothixene (injectable)
Mouse >125 Cimetidine
Mouse 140 2-5,000 Rat 110 6,000
Clemastine Mouse 730 Rat 3,550 Dog 175
Clomethiazole Mouse 220 800
Clomipamine Mouse 630 Rat 1,450
Clonazepam Mouse >2,000 Rat >2,000
Clonidine HCl Mouse 206 Rat 465
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Clotrimazole Mouse 700-1,000 Rat 700-1,000 Rabbit 700-1,000
Cocaethylene Mouse 60
Cocaine Mouse 75-100 95 Rat 17.5 70 250 Rabbit 17 Dog 22
Codeine Mouse 68 130 183 395 Rat 55 102 332 542 Rabbit 60 32
Colchicine Mouse 1.75 3.5 3.1 Rat 1.7 4 Cat 0.25
Coniine Rabbit 56 Guinea pig 150
Cortisone acetate Mouse female 1,405
m-Cresol Rat 2,020
o-Cresol Rat 1,350
p-Cresol Rat 1,800
Crotonaldehyde Mouse 240
Cyanamide Rat 125
Cyclobarbital Rat 205 Rabbit 450 Dog 250
Cyclobenzaphine HCl Mouse 338 Rat 425
Cycloserine Mouse 5,290
Cyclosporine Mouse 148 2,329 Rat 104 1,480 Rabbit 46 >1,000
Cyproheptadine Mouse 23 55 107 125 Rat 52 295
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Dactinomycin Rat 0.46
Decametthonium Mouse 0.75 Rabbit 0.2
Desipramine Mouse, male 290 Rat, female 320
Desmetryn Rat 1,390
Dexamethasone Mouse, female 6.5 g/kg
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate
Mouse, female 794 Dextroamphetamine
Mouse 14.3 72.2 84 37 Rat 200 80
Dextromoramide Mouse 220
o-Dianisidine Rat 1,920
2,4-Diaminophenol Rat 240
Diazepam Mouse 220 970 Rat 1,200 Rabbit 8.8 Dog 1,000
N-(2-Chloroethyl)- dibenzylamine
Mouse 800 Dibozane
Mouse 260 Rabbit 43
3,4-Dichloroaniline Mouse 740 Rat 648
Dichloroisoproterenol Mouse 48 132
2,2′-dichloro-4,4′- methylenedianiline
Mouse 880 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane
Rat 410 Dichlorphenamide
Mouse 1,710 Rat 2,600
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Dicyclomine HCl Mouse 625
Dicumarol Mouse 64 350 233 Rat 52 542 Guinea pig 59
N,N-Diethylaniline Rat 782
Diethylcarbamazine Mouse 550 Rat 395
Diethylene glycol diacrylate
Rat 770 Rabbit 180
Diethylpropion HCl Mouse 600 Rat 250 Dog 225
Diflunisal Mouse, female 500 Rat, female 826
Digitoxin Mouse 22.2 32.7 Rat 16.4 23.8 Guinea pig >100
Digoxin Guinea pig 0.355
Dihydroergotamine Mouse 118 Rat 110 Rabbit 25 Cat 68
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
Mouse 3.7 36.8 Rat 1.8 3 6 Rabbit 0.34 1 9.8 Cat 1.6 Dog 3.4 3 Monkey 0.25
Diltiazem HCl Mouse 60 415-740 Rat 38 560-810 Dog >50
Dimethindene Rat 26.8 618.2 Guinea pig 888 Dog 45
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
N,N-Dimethylaniline Rat 1,410
Dimethylnitrosamine Rat 26
Dimethyl phenylpiperazinium
Mouse 40 27.5 365 Rat 2,000
Dimethyl sulfate Rat 440
Dimethyl sulfoxide Mouse 14,700 Dog >10,000
2,4-Dinitrophenol Rat 25 30 Rabbit 200 Dog 30 20 22 25
2,4-Dinitrotoluene Rat 268
Diphenhydramine Mouse 31 84 127 164 Rat 42 82 475 500 Guinea pig 75 Rabbit 10 Dog 24
Disopyramide phosphate
Mouse 700 Rat 580
Dyclonine Mouse 90 Rat 31 176
Diphenylamine Rat 3,300
Doxapram HCl Mouse 75 Rat 75 Cat 40-80 Dog 40-80
Doxazosin Mouse >1,000 Rat >1,000
Doxepine Mouse 20 165 Rat 16 400
Doxycycline Mouse 175 1,600
Dropempine Mouse 420 Rat 125 370
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Econazole Mouse 462 Rat 668 Guinea pig 272 Dog >160
Edrophonium Mouse 9 37 130 600 Rabbit 28.5 Dog 15
Enalaprilat Mouse, female 3,740-5,890 2,000 Rat 2,000
Ephedrine Mouse 1,550 Rat 650
Epinephrine Mouse 0.5 4 1.47 50 Rat 0.98 3.5 5
2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol Mouse 431 Rat 420 Rabbit 1980
2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate
Rat 214 Rabbit 400
Ergometrine Mouse 144
Ergotamine Mouse 52 Rat 62 Rabbit 3.55 Cat 11
Ethacrynic acid Mouse 627
Ethacrynate sodium Mouse 175
Ethanol Mouse 1,953 7,260 8,285 9,488 Rat 5,000 13,600 Guinea pig 5,560 Rabbit 9,500
Ethinamate Rat 331 Dog 314
Ethosuximide Mouse 1,530 Rat 1,820
N-Ethylaniline Mouse 500
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 290 Rabbit 4,700
Ethyl biscoumacetate Mouse 880 Rat 880 Rabbit 1,100
Ethyl chloroacetate Rabbit 230
Ethyl chloroformate Mouse 15 Rat 270 Rabbit 7,120
Ethylene dibromide Rat 300 Rabbit 300
Ethylene oxide Mouse 365 Rat 330
Ethyl methacrylate Rat 16g/kg
Ethylmorphine Mouse 200
Ethylnorepinephrine Mouse 117
Etilefrine Mouse 1,600
Etrentinate Rat >4,000 >4,000 Mouse >4,000 >4,000
Fentenyl citrate Rat 3 Mouse 11.2 Cat 1 Dog 14 Monkey 0.03
Floxuridine Mouse 880 Rat 670 Rabbit 94 Dog 157
Fluoroacetic acid Mouse 10 16 8 Rat 0.4 5 2.5 2.5 Guinea pig 0.35 Rabbit 0.25 Cat 0.2 Dog 0.06 Monkey 4
Fluorouracil Mouse 340
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 165 Rabbit 27 Dog 32
Flurazepam Mouse 870 Rat 1,230
Flurbiprofen Mouse 200 750 Rat 400 160
Fominoben Mouse 100 2,000 Rat 100 2,000
Fosinopril Rat 2,600
2-Furaldehyde Rat 127
Furosemide Rat 4,600 Rabbit 800 Dog 2,000
Gadopentetate dimeglumine
Mouse 5-12.5mmol/kg Rat 10-15 mmol/kg
Gallamine Mouse 4.3 9.6 17.4 425 Rat 5.5 25 Rabbit 0.65 2.5 3 100 Dog 0.8
Glucagon Mouse 300
Glutethimide Mouse 350
Guanethidine Mouse 22 Rat 23 1,000
Haloperidol Mouse 13 54 144 Rat 19
Harmaline Mouse 120
HC Blue No. 2 Rat 1,250-5,000
Hemicholinium Mouse 0.064 Rat 0.45
Heparin Mouse 1,780
Hexachlorophene Rat 7.5 30 70
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Hexamethonium Mouse 21 42 484
Hexobarbital Mouse 340 468 Rat 280 468 Rabbit 80
Hexocyclium Mouse 10.5 55 360 600
Histamine Guinea pig 0.18
Homatropine Mouse 60 650 1,400 Rat 82 800 1,200 Guinea pig 120 1,000
Hydralazine Mouse 83 Rat 180
Hydrazine Rat 60
Hydrochlorothiazide Mouse 884 578 1,470 3,080 Rat 234 1,270 6,190 Rabbit 461 Dog 250
Hydrocordone Mouse 9
Hydrocortisone Mouse, female 1,740
Hydromorphone Mouse 88 84
Hydroquinone Rat 700
Hydroxyzine Rat 45 1,000
Hyoscyamine-sulfate Rat 375
Ibuprofen Mouse 320 800 Rat 1,300 1,600
Imipramine Mouse 35 115 189 400 Rat 22 79 250 625 Rabbit 18
Iodoacetic acid Mouse 83 Rat 60
Iodomethane Rat 76
Iohexol Mouse 24.2 g iodine/kg
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 15 g iodine/kg Ipratropium bromide
Mouse 1,001-2,010 Rat 1,667-4,000 Dog 400-1,300
Iproniazid Mouse 725 690 683 750 968 Rat 383 Rabbit 150 150
Isocarboxazid Mouse 110 173 Rat 199 280
Isoflurophate Mouse 37
Isoniazid Mouse 153 132 140 160 142 Rat 398 533 650 Rabbit 94 151 Dog 50
Isoprenaline Mouse 2,221
Isoproterenol Mouse 128 300 450 Guinea pig 0.32 270 Dog 50
Isosorbide dinitrate Rat 1,100
Ketamine Mouse 65 360.6 680 Rat 62 490
Labetalol Mouse 50-60 600 Rat 50-60 >2 g/kg
Lactulose Mouse 48.8 ml/kg Rat >30 ml/kg
Lauremine oxide (0.3%)
Rat >20g/kg Levallorphan
Mouse 184 949 Rat 185 949
Levocarnitine Mouse 19.2 g/kg
Levorphanol Mouse 41.5 73 187 285 Rat 110 150 Rabbit 20
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Lidocaine HCl Mouse 31.5 400 457 Rat 459
Lignocaine Mouse 35 122 520
Lisinopril Mouse >20 g/kg Rat >20 g/kg
Loperamide Rat 5.92
Lysergide Mouse 54 46 Rat 16 Rabbit 3
Malononitrile Mouse 18.6
Mebendazole Mouse 1,280 Rat 1,280 Guinea pig 1,280 Rabbit 1,280 Dog >640 Cat >640
Mebutamate Mouse 460 550 Rat 410 1,160
Mecamylamine (base)
Mouse 21 39 93 92 Rat 54 145 171 Guinea pig 52 127 144
Mechlorethamine HCl
Mouse 2 Rat 1.6
Meclofenoxate Mouse 330 1,750
Meclozine Mouse 1,600
Menadiol sodium diphosphate
Mouse 500 6,172 Rat 400 5,250
Mepenzolate Mouse 9.8 900 Rat 21.8 1,100
Meperidine Mouse 50 150 195 178 Rat 34 93 200 170 Rabbit 30 500
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Mephenesin Mouse 186 471 990 Rat 625 Rabbit 125
Mephenoxalone Mouse 3,820
Mephentermine Mouse 110
Mephenytoin Mouse 560 Guinea pig 215 Rabbit 430 Cat 190
Mepivacaine Mouse 23-35 280
Meprobamate Mouse 710 980 Rat 350 1,600 Rabbit 260
Mercaptopurine Mouse 250
Mercury (II) bromide Mouse 35 Rat 100 1
Mercury (II) chloride Rat 1
Mercury (II) cyanide Mouse 33 Rat 26
Mercury (II) nitrate Rat 26
Mercury (II) oxide Mouse 22 Rat 315 18
Mescaline Mouse 500 Rat 370
Metaraminol Mouse 99 Rat 240
Methacholine-Cl Mouse 1,100 Rat 750
Methacrylonitrile Rat 0.25 ml/kg
Methadone Mouse 17 38 33 93.7 Rat 10 23 12 95 Guinea pig 54 Monkey 15
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Methamphetamine Mouse 10 15 232
Methaqualone Rat 100 300
Metharbital Mouse 500 500
Methotrexate Mouse 4.5
Methoxamine Mouse 92
N-Methylaniline Rabbit 280
Methylatropine Mouse 7 250
2-Methylazindine Rat 19
Methyl chloroformate Mouse 1,750 Rabbit 7,120 Rat 60
Methyldopa Mouse 1,900 406 5,300 Rat 647 7,490 Rabbit 713
Methyldopate HCl Mouse 321
Methylergonovine Mouse 85 187 Rat 23 93 Rabbit 2.6 4.5
Methyl isocyanate Mouse 120 Rat 69 Rabbit 0.22 ml/kg 90
1-Methyl-3-nitro-lnitrosoguanidine Rat 90
Methyloxirane Rat 520-1,140
Methylpentynol Mouse 525 Rat 300-900 Guinea pig 534
Methylphenidate Mouse 450 470 680 Rat 48 367
Metyrapone Rat 521
Miconazole nitrate Mouse 578
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat >640 Guinea pig 276 Dog >160
Minoxidil Mouse 51 1,000-1,300 2,500 Rat 49 1,300-2,000
Morphine Mouse 275 500 500-700 745 Rat 237 500 266-572 905 Guinea pig 391 Rabbit 500 600
Muscarine Mouse 0.23
Nalorphine Mouse 190 590 0.4 670
Naloxone Mouse 150 565 Rat 109
Naltrexone Mouse 1,100 Rat 1,450 Guinea pig 1,490
Naphazoline Mouse 170 Rat 385 Rabbit 0.8
Naproxen Mouse 1,234 Rat 543 Hamster 4,110 Dog >1,000
Neostigmine Mouse 0.36 0.62 0.31 0.8 14.4 Rat 0.16 0.42 0.37 Rabbit 0.31
Nialamide Mouse 742 1,000 Rat 1,700
Nicotine Mouse 7.1 3.3 Rat 33.5 >24 Rabbit 9.4 Dog 5
Nicotinic acid Rat 7,000
Nifedipine Mouse 16 490 Rat 4 1,020
Nikethamide Mouse 174
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 191 300 470 Rabbit 225
Nitrazepam Mouse 1,800 Rat 2,000
m-Nitroaniline Rat 535
ø-Nitroaniline Rat 1,600
p-Nitroaniline Rat 750
Nitrofurazone Mouse 747 Rat 30 590
2-Nitro-p-anisidine Rat 14,100
2-Nitronaphthalene Rat 4,400
2-Nitropropane Rat 720
o-Nitrotoluene Rat 891
p-Nitrotoluene Mouse 1,231 Rat 2,144
5-Nitro-o-toluidine Rat 574
Nitroprusside Mouse 8.4 Rat 11.2 Rabbit 2.8 Dog 5
Nizatidine Mouse 232 Rat 301
Norephedrine Rabbit 75
Norepinephrine Rat 29 132
Noscapine Rat 800
Obidoxime Mouse 100 200 2,240 Rat 100 200 Rabbit 100 200
Octreotide acetate Mouse 72 Rat 18
Orciprenaline Mouse 4,800
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Osmium tetroxide Mouse 162
Ouabain Mouse 20 Rat 97 Guinea pig 0.26 Cat 0.11
Oxazepam Mouse >1,500 7,500
Oxilorphan Mouse 32 315
Oxotremorine Mouse 5
Papaverine Mouse 33.1 750 2,500 Rat 63 420 745
Paracetamol Rat 3,700
Paraldehyde Mouse 1,650 Guinea pig 1,230 Rabbit 450 Cat 450 Dog 500 3,500
Paraquat (mmol/kg) Mouse 0.12 0.66 Rat 0.12 0.57-0.94 Guinea pig 0.018 0.19 Cat 0.22
Pargyline Mouse 370 680 Rat 142 300 Cat 200 Dog 175 Monkey 150
Pentachlorophenol Rat 96
Pentazocine-HCl Mouse 3,570
Pentobarbital Mouse 80 130 124 107 280 Rat 75 118 Guinea pig 50 70 Rabbit 45 275 Cat 100
Pentolinium Mouse 29 36 512
Pentylenetetrazol Mouse 51 92 101 162
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 70 100 Perphenazine
Mouse 70 Phalloidine
Mouse 1.9 Phenacetin
Mouse 1,030-2,000 Rat 1,650
Phenazone Rat 1,800
Phenelzine Mouse 157 150 156
p-Phenetidine Mouse 530 Rat 580
Pheniprazine Mouse 60.6 122 95 73 Rat 44.5 45.3 34.1
Phenobarbital Mouse 340 230 325 Rat 190 200 660 Rabbit 185 Cat 175
Phenoxybenzamine Mouse 1,535 Rat 2,500 Guinea pig 500
Phentolamine Mouse 1,000 Rat 75 275 1,250
Phentolamine mesylate
Mouse 1,000 Rat 1,250
Phenylbutazone Mouse 123 336 417.5 Rat 150 215 650-1,000 Rabbit 146
m-Phenylenediamine Rat 650
p-Phenylenediamine Rat 98
Phenylephedrine Mouse 21 1,000 70 120 Rat 92 350-1,120
Phenylhydrazine Mouse 175 Rat 188 Rabbit 80 Guinea pig 80
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Phenyl oxirane Rat 4,290 Rabbit 930-1,060
Phenytoin Mouse 200 490 Rat 280 Rabbit 125
Phloroglucinol Rat 3,180 4,850 5,200
Physostigmine Mouse 1 0.54 3
Phytonadione (1%) Mouse 52 ml/kg
Phytonadione Mouse >25 g/kg >25 g/kg
4-Picoline Rat 1,290 Rabbit 270 14.8
Picrotoxin Mouse 7.2 7 14.8 Rat 3 6.5
Pilocarpine Mouse 500
Pimozide Mouse >5, 100 Rat >5,100 Dog 40
Pipradrol Mouse 94 240 365 Rat 30 240 180 Rabbit 15
Potassium bromate Rat 50-200 200-400
Potassium cyanide Mouse 6 16
Potassium fluorosilicate
Guinea pig 500 Pralidoxime
Mouse 90 155 180 4,100 Rat 96 150 Guinea pig 168 Rabbit 95
Praziquantel Mouse 2,500 Rat 2,500
Prednisolone phosphate disodium
Mouse, female 1,190
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Prenylamine Mouse 200 Rat 1,000
Primidone Mouse 600-800 Rat 1,500-2,000
Proadifen Mouse 60 117.5 538 Rat 163 2,140
Probenecid Mouse 458 230 1,156 1,666 Rat 394 611 1,604 Rabbit 304 Dog 270
Probucol Mouse >5 g/kg Rat >5 g/kg
Procaine Mouse 45 230 630 800 500 Rat 50 250 1,600 2,100 Guinea pig 51 Rabbit 57 Dog 62.4
Prochlorperazine Mouse 92 125 350 750 Rat 1,800
Prodilidine Mouse 91 194 318 Rat 74 188 253
Promazine Mouse 38 113 216-485 Rat 17-29 233 343-650 Rabbit 21 125
Promethazine Mouse 28-75 150 216 750 375-575 Rat 20-45 250 225 480 Guinea pig 42.5 Rabbit 19
Prontalol Mouse 50 124 900 Rat 50 900
Propanidid Mouse 90 Rat 80 Dog 80 Rabbit 75
Propantheline Rat 298 370
Propargyl alcohol Mouse 50
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 55 Guinea pig 60
Propiverine Mouse 113 490 Rat 29 2,100 Rabbit 13 620
Propofol Mouse 53
Propoxyphene HCl Mouse 204 282 Rat 131 230
Propoxyphene napsylate
Mouse 915 Rat 647 Rabbit >183 Dog >183
Propranolol Mouse 27 114 380 Rat 533
Propyl chloroformate Mouse 650
Protoveratrine Mouse 0.05 0.4 Rat 0.6 5 Rabbit 0.05 0.11 Cat 0.5
Protriptyline Mouse 37 192 269
Pseudoephedrine Mouse 726 Rat 202 2,206 Rabbit 1,177
Psilocin Mouse 74 Rat 75
Psilocybine Mouse 285 Rat 280
Pyrethrin Rat 1,500
Pyrilamine Mouse 30 102 150 235 Rat 150 Guinea pig 24.4 70
Quinidine Mouse 69 190 200 594 Rat 23.1 1,000 Cat 21.6
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Ramipril Mouse 10-11 g/kg Rat 10-11 g/kg
Ranitidine HCl Mouse 77 Rat 83
Reserpine Mouse 70 390-500 Rat 18
Resorcinol Rat 370 Guinea pig 370
Rifampin Mouse 885 Rat 1,720 Rabbit 2,120
Ritodrine Mouse 540 Rabbit 64
Rotenone Rat 100-300
Salicylamide Mouse 313 1,400 Rat 1,200 Rabbit 600 3,000
Scopolamine Mouse 153.5 590
Secobarbital Cat 50
Selenium Rat 6,700
Selenium disulfide Rat 138
Selenium monosulfide Mouse 370
Selenium tetrachloride Guinea pig 19
Semicarbazide Mouse 125.6 23.3 125.5 176
Serotonin Mouse 160 868 750 Rat 30 117
Sodium bromide Mouse 5,020 7,000 Rat 3,500
Sodium fluoride Rat 200
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
Mouse 90
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rat 72-128 Solanine
Rat 75 590 Rabbit 20-23 Sheep 225
Sotalol Mouse 670 2,600 Rat 680 3,450 Rabbit 1,000 Dog 330
g-Strophanthine Guinea pig 0.26
Stearyl Heptanoate Rat >5g/kg
Strychnine Mouse 0.98 0.85 Rat 0.09-1.4 1.2 16.2
Succinylcholine Mouse 0.75 4 125 Rabbit 1
Sulfacetamide Mouse 16.5 g/kg
Sulfadimethoxine Rat >4,000 Rabbit >2,000
Sulfafurazole Rat >10,000 Rabbit >2,000
Sulfaguanidine Mouse 15,000
Sulfamethoxazole Mouse 3,200
Sufentanil citrate Mouse 17 Rat 10.5 Guinea pig 12.5 Dog 10.1-19.5
Sulfamethoxazole Mouse 2,300 Rat 3,000 Rabbit >2,000
Sulfanilamide Mouse 3,700-4,300 Rat 3,900-10,000 Dog 2,000
Sulfasalazine Mouse >12 g/kg
Sulfisoxazole Mouse 5,700 Rat >10,000
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rabbit >2,000 Syrosingopine
Rat 50 Talinolol
Mouse 600-1,450 Rat 1,180-2,580
Terbutaline Mouse 3,000 Rat 18,000
Terconazole Rat, male 1,741 Rat, female 849 Dog, male 1,280 Dog, female 640
Terfenadine Mouse >5,000 Rat >5,000 Rat newborn 438
Tetrabenazine Mouse 150 400
Tetracaine Mouse 6.6 Guinea pig 15.6 Dog 4.3
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
Mouse 269 Rat 5,250 1,100 Rabbit 400 Guinea pig 400
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Rat 800 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol
Mouse 400 Rat 140 Guinea pig 250
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Mouse 109 Rabbit 250
Tetraethylammonium Mouse 29 56 655 Rat 63 115 Rabbit 72 Dog 55
Tetrahydrocannabinol Mouse 510
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Tetryzoline Mouse 39
Thebaine Rat 13.9
Theophylline Mouse 350
Thioglycolic acid Rat 114 Rabbit 848
Thioguanine Rat, male 823 Rat, female 740
Thiram Rat 865 Rabbit 210
Thiopental Mouse 112 200 350 Rat 67.5 120 Guinea pig 55 57.5 Rabbit 40 600 Dog 55 150
Timolol maleate Mouse, female 1,190 Rat, female 900
Tocinide HCl Mouse 800 Rat 1,000 Guinea pig 230
Tolazoline Mouse 500
o-Tolidine Rat 404
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
Rat 5,800 o-Toluidine
Rat 670 Rabbit 3,250
P-Toluidine Mouse 794 Rat 656 Rabbit 890
Toxaphene Rat 40-120
Tranylcypromine Mouse 37 38
Trazodone Mouse 96 610 Rat 486
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Rabbit 560 Triamterene
Mouse 300-380 Triazolam
Mouse >1,000 Rat >5,000
Trichloroacetonitrile Rat 250 Rabbit 900
Trichloronitromethane Rat 250
Trichlorotrinitrobenzene
Rat 30 g/kg Trichothecene
Rat 0.75 Guinea pig 1.3
Trifluperidol Mouse 988 Rat 113
Trifluoperazine Mouse 36 442 Rat 740 Dog 60
Trimethadione Mouse 2,000 1,800 2,200 Rat 2,200 Rabbit 1,500 1,500
Trimipramine Mouse 250
Tripelennamine Mouse 17 70 75 210 Rat 13 225 570 Guinea pig 30.2 155
Triphenyltin acetate Rat 140 Rabbit 30
Triphenyltin hydroxide
Mouse 245 Rat 46
Tubocurarine Mouse 0.14 Rat 0.25 Rabbit 0.35
LD50 Values of Common Xenobiotics (mg/kg unless stated otherwise)
Dermal IV IP IM SC PO
Ursodiol Mouse >7,500 Rat >5,000
Vancomycine HCl Mouse 400 Rat 319
Veratradine Mouse 0.42 1.35 Rat 3.5
Vidarabine Mouse >5,020 Rat >5,020
Vinyl chloride Rat 500
Vinyl cyclohexene diepoxide
Rat 2,130 Rabbit 620
Warfarin Mouse 165 374 Rat 186 323 Guinea pig 182 Rabbit 150 800 Dog 250 250
2,4-Xylenol Mouse 1,040 Rat 3,200
2,5-Xylenol Mouse 383
2,6-Xylenol Mouse 920 980 Rat 296
Zinc phosphide Mouse 40 Rat 2.7-40.5 Rabbit 2,000-5,000 40 Cat 250
Zoxazolamine Mouse 376 825 Rat 102 376 Dog 117
Data taken from Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook, R.E. Borchard, C.D. Barnas, and L.G. Eltherington, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992; Chemical Safety Data Sheets, Vols. 4a and 4b, Royal Society of Chemistry, Indispensable Publications Ltd., Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire, U.K., 1991; Physician Desk Reference, 47 ed., Medical Economics Data, Montvale, NJ, 1993; Toxicological Analysis, R. Klaus Müller, Ed., Ullstein Mosby GmbH & Co., KG, Berlin, 1992.
