ABSTRACT
I. Introduction .............................................................................................. 64 II. Zeolite-Templated Microporous Carbon .................................................. 66 A. High-Surface-Area Carbon ................................................................ 67 B. Control over Pore-Structural Regularity ............................................ 68 C. The Formation Mechanism ................................................................ 70 D. Morphology Evolution ....................................................................... 71 E. Control over Surface Chemistry ........................................................ 72 III. Mesoporous-Silica-Templated Mesoporous Carbon ................................ 73 A. MCM-48 as a Template ...................................................................... 73 B. SBA-15 as a Template ........................................................................ 76 C. SBA-1 and SBA-16 as Templates ....................................................... 89 D. HMS and MSU as Templates ............................................................. 89 E. Other Mesoporous Silica Templates .................................................. 91 IV. Nanoparticle-Templated Mesoporous Carbon ......................................... 92 V. Colloidal-Crystal-Templated Macroporous Carbon ................................. 98 VI. Other Templating Approaches to Preparing Carbon ............................. 105 VII. Applications of Templated Porous Carbon .............................................110 A. Adsorption .........................................................................................110 B. Catalysis ............................................................................................111 C. Electrochemical Energy Conversion .................................................111 a. Lithium-Ion Batteries ..................................................................112 b. Supercapacitors ...........................................................................113 c. Fuel Cells ....................................................................................115 D. Materials Processing .........................................................................116 E. Other Applications ............................................................................116 VIII. Summary .................................................................................................117 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................118 References ..........................................................................................................118
Porous solids are of scientic and technological importance because of their ability to interact with atoms, ions, molecules, and supramolecules [1]. The presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales in porous solids endows them with unique interfacial properties [2]. As a result, they are widely used as ion-exchangers, adsorbents, catalysts, and catalyst supports. Structurally, they are classied into microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous solids, with pore sizes of less than 2 nm, from 2 to 50 nm, and larger than 50 nm, respectively. Compositionally, they could be inorganic, polymeric, and composite [1-8].
