ABSTRACT
GIS is an acronym for geographic information science, or geographic information studies, or geographic information systems. Whereas the term science is used to connote basic research and studies is associated with educationrelated undertakings, systems is adopted mostly for the applied situations. Indeed, a GIS is a computerized setting whose information management functions are comparable to those of a banking information system for handling transactions of financial accounts. It is also compatible with a library information system that gathers, creates, stores, processes, and retrieves catalogs of books and references. However, unlike information systems driven mainly by alphanumeric data entries, a GIS has a distinct component of geography or location that captures and represents features on the surface of the Earth (Figure 1.1). These geographic features are more widely known as georeferenced or spatial data.
