ABSTRACT
Baker-Hausdorff formula Follows from the theorem: given two operatorsA andB that commute with operator AB − B A ≡ [A,B], the identity exp (A) exp (B) = exp (A + B) exp (1/2[A,B]) holds true.
ballooning mode A plasma mode which is localized in regions of unfavorable magnetic field curvature (also known as “bad curvature”) that becomes unstable (grows in amplitude) when the force due to plasma pressure gradients is greater than the mean magnetic pressure force.
