ABSTRACT
For the following equations, the symbols f(x), g(x), etc., represent functions of x. The value of a function f(x) at x = a is denoted f(a). For the function y = f(x) the derivative of y with respect to x is denoted by one of the following:
dy
dx f x D y y
x , , , .′ ′( )
Higher derivatives are as follows:
d y
dx
d
dx
dy
dx
d
dx f x f x
d y
dx
= = ′ = ′′
=
( ) ( )
d
dx
d y
dx
d
dx f x f x
= ′′ = ′′′( ) ( ), etc.
