ABSTRACT
Th is chapter explores the nature of optimization in a system-of-systems context in which human behavior plays a central role. An introduction to the emerging concept of system-of-systems is presented fi rst to establish a foundation. Building from this foundation, the sources of complexity related to human participation in a system-of-systems are described and categorized, and the unique facets of optimization in this setting are identifi ed. A methodology for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing is then outlined, with special attention placed upon how complexity might be better managed through structured accounting of hierarchy and scope dimensions. Th e examination of future air transportation architectures is introduced as a system-of-systems application that exposes many of the concepts described, especially the variety of roles played by human decision-making. In particular, making context and participant perspectives overtly visible to system users is emphasized-an important precondition for eff ective human system integration in a system-of-systems context. Th e ultimate objective of this research thrust, still far from achieved, is to better engineer robust capabilities in the various systemof-systems that exist in society.
