ABSTRACT
Endurance events include a wide variety of competitions, including marathon runs, Olympic distance triathlons, cross country skiing races, and long road races and mountain cycling events. Ultra-endurance events involve races that last from 4 to 24 hours and include running > 30 to 100 miles (48 to 160 km), cycling > 100 to 300 miles (160 to 480 km), and triathlons ranging from the half-Ironman distance to the full Ironman distance of a 2.4-mile (38-km) swim, 112-mile (179-km) bike ride, and 26.2-mile (42-km) marathon run. Multistage ultra-endurance events involve competing over consecutive days, such as the Tour de France bicycle race (~2,500 miles or 4,000 km over 22 days),
I. Introduction ................................................................................................ 201 II. Exercise Metabolism ..................................................................................202 III. Energy Expenditure and Intake ..................................................................202 IV. Macronutrients ............................................................................................204
