ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ................................................................................................124 II. Dietary Reference Intakes ..........................................................................124 III. Importance of Obtaining Accurate Dietary Intake Information ................124 IV. Calcium ....................................................................................................... 125
A. Role of Calcium in the Human Body .................................................. 125 B. Calcium Homeostasis .......................................................................... 125 C. Calcium Requirements ........................................................................ 127 D. Calcium Status of Athletes .................................................................. 128 E. Calcium Supplementation and Exercise Performance ........................ 128 F. Calcium Supplementation and Intake on Weight Loss ....................... 129
V. Magnesium ................................................................................................. 129 A. Role of Magnesium in the Human Body ............................................. 129 B. Measures of Magnesium Status .......................................................... 130 C. Magnesium Requirements................................................................... 130 D. Magnesium Status of Athletes ............................................................ 130 E. Magnesium Supplementation and Exercise Performance ................... 132
VI. Chromium ................................................................................................... 133 A. Role of Chromium in the Human Body and Chromium
Requirements ...................................................................................... 133 B. Brief History of Chromium Supplementation ..................................... 133 C. Chromium Supplementation and Exercise Performance .................... 133
VII. Boron .......................................................................................................... 135 A. Boron Requirements and Boron Supplementation and Exercise
Performance ........................................................................................ 135 VIII. Limitations of Previous Research ............................................................... 137 IX. Future Research Needs ............................................................................... 137 X. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 138 References .............................................................................................................. 138
Minerals are necessary for a number of metabolic processes in the body, and are also important in supporting growth and development. Minerals are also required in numerous reactions involved with exercise and physical activity, including energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, oxygen transfer and delivery, and tissue repair.1
