ABSTRACT
With advances in technology such as direct fuel injection, improvements in EGR valves, and improvement in cylinder sealing, internal combustion engines have greatly improved in efficiency. Since the 1960s, CO2, hydrocarbon emissions, and nitrogen oxides have decreased by over 90% [1]. Despite these improvements, CO2 emissions remain a cause for concern due to their global warming potential (discussed in Chapter 9). One of the benefits of fuel-cell vehicles is that they produce no polluting emissions and utilize a renewable source of energy.
