ABSTRACT
Steel Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.4.2 Wastewater from the Porcelain Enameling on
Cast Iron Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8.4.3 Wastewater from the Porcelain Enameling on
Aluminum Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8.4.4 Wastewater from the Porcelain Enameling on Copper Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . 312
8.5 Speci c Descriptions of Porcelain Enameling Industrial Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 8.5.1 Industrial Plants of Porcelain Enameling on Steel Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 8.5.2 Industrial Plants of the Porcelain Enameling on
Aluminum Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 8.5.3 Industrial Plants of the Porcelain Enameling on
Cast Iron Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 8.5.4 Industrial Plants of the Porcelain Enameling on
Copper Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 8.6 Pollutant Removability of Porcelain Enameling Industry Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.6.1 Equalization and Neutralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 8.6.2 Clari cation by Sedimentation (Settling) or Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 8.6.3 Chemical Addition, Precipitation, Coagulation, and Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . 329 8.6.4 Granular Bed Filtration, Granular Activated Carbon Filtration, and
Membrane Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 8.6.5 Sludge Concentration and Dewatering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Porcelain Enameling Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
8.8 Costs for Treatment of Porcelain Enameling Industrial Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 8.8.1 BPT Level Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 8.8.2 BAT Level Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.9 Porcelain Enameling Point Source Discharge Ef uent Limitations, Performance Standards, and Pretreatment Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 8.9.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations for the Steel Basis
Material Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 8.9.2 U.S. Environmental Regulations for the Cast Iron Basis
Material Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 8.9.3 U.S. Environmental Regulations for the Aluminum Basis
Material Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 8.9.4 U.S. Environmental Regulations for the Copper Basis
Material Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 8.10 Technical Terminologies Used in the Porcelain Enameling Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Enameling is an old and widelyadopted technology.1-9 The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to pottery and stone objects. The ancient Greeks, Celts, Russians, and Chinese also used enameling processes on metal objects.9
