ABSTRACT
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
1150 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
In the United States, hazardous wastes are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),1 including the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) to RCRA.2 Speci c U.S. EPA regulations for waste containment systems at RCRA Subtitle C land lls, surface impoundments, and waste piles are published in 40 CFR 264.3 These regulations require hazardous waste land lls to have two independent liners with a leak detection system (LDS) between them and a leachate collection and removal system (LCRS) above the primary (or top) liner. The purpose of the LDS is to allow monitoring of the primary liner (i.e., to identify whether, and to what extent, leakage is occurring through the primary liner) and to provide a mechanism for removing liquids that enter this system. A double-liner system with an LDS is a hallmark of hazardous waste land ll regulations in the United States.4
