ABSTRACT
Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 11.3.3 Gathering Topographic Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 11.3.4 Gathering Soil and Subsurface Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 11.3.5 Gathering Groundwater Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
11.3.5.1 Identifying Potential Environmental and Human Health Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
11.3.5.2 Community Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 11.3.5.3 Conducting a Site Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 11.3.5.4 Conducting Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 11.3.5.5 Developing a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Cleanup Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
11.3.7 Performing a Phase II Site Assessment: Sampling the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 11.3.7.1 Setting Data Quality Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 11.3.7.2 Screening Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 11.3.7.3 Environmental Sampling and Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 11.3.7.4 Levels of Sampling and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
11.3.8 Increasing the Certainty of Sampling Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 11.3.9 Site Assessment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.3.9.1 Field versus Laboratory Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 11.3.9.2 Sample Collection and Analysis Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.3.10 Additional Considerations for Assessing Metal Finishing Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 11.3.10.1 Where to Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 11.3.10.2 How Many Samples to Collect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 11.3.10.3 What Types of Analysis to Perform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
11.3.11 General Sampling Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 11.3.11.1 Soil Collection Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 11.3.11.2 Groundwater Sampling Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 11.3.11.3 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 11.3.11.4 Sample Analysis Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
11.4 Site Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 11.4.1 Developing a Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
11.4.1.1 Institutional Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 11.4.1.2 Containment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 11.4.1.3 Types of Cleanup Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.4.2 Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 11.4.3 Summary of Technologies for Treating Metals/Metalloids
at Brownfi eld Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 11.4.4 Cleanup Technologies Options for Metal Finishing Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 11.4.5 Post-Construction Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
11.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) or Superfund1 defi nes brownfi eld sites as “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.” According to the U.S. EPA, brownfi eld sites are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination.2 Concerns about liability, cost, and potential health risks associated with brownfi elds sites often prompt businesses to migrate to “greenfi elds” outside the city. Left behind are communities burdened with environmental contamination, declining property values, and increased unemployment.
