ABSTRACT
During surgical procedures, thermal energy is commonly used to c reate hemo stasis b y he ating t he t issue a bove c oagulation temperatures. During the denaturation of proteins and collagen, microvessels shrink and the passage of blood is blocked. e surgeon c an re sect d iseased t issues f rom t he b ody w ith m inimal loss of blood. Electrosurgery or diathermia is the standard instrument in the operating room (OR) for surgical incisions or resections. Additionally, various instruments are able to heat tissue locally l ike lasers, R F needles, a nd u ltrasonically v ibrating tips. Each instrument has its unique characteristics and optimal settings depending on the application. Either tissue can be evaporated at a small spot without thermal e ect in the direct environment o r a l arge vol ume i s c oagulated b efore re section o f, f or example, a tumor.
