ABSTRACT
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are manufactured nanostructures with strong three-dimensional (3D) spatial con nement on length scales that are comparable to or even smaller than the e ective Bohr radius, which is typically of the order of nanometers [Alivisatos 1996, Banin and Millo 2003]. e size e ects of nanostructures result in strong quantization of electronic structures and material and physical properties that di er signi cantly from those of bulk systems. Because of their novel properties, semiconductor QDs have been extensively adopted as promising nanomaterials for various applications from optoelectronics to biotechnology [Bruchez et al. 1998, Klimov et al. 2000].
