ABSTRACT
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are minute parts of magnetic materials with typical size well below 10−7 m. ey are present in di erent materials found in nature such as rocks, living organisms, ceramics, and corrosion products, but they are also arti cially made and used as the active component of ferro uids, permanent magnets, so magnetic materials, biomedical materials, and catalysts. eir diverse applications in geology, physics chemistry, biology, and medicine render the study of their properties of great importance to both science and technology.
