ABSTRACT
Many modern inquiries, such as the Knapp Inquiry in New York City, have observed that previous inquiries had often failed to uncover significant corruption. This was despite strong suspicions about police misconduct among prosecutors, lawyers, politicians, activists, some police, and members of the public. Major reasons for the success of more recent inquiries include the application of nontraditional investigative techniques and extra legal powers, such as the ability to turn witnesses, or the ability to compel answers to questions. Innovative or advanced techniques include the use of undercover operatives and integrity tests or “stings,” as well as telephone taps, listening devices, and video surveillance. Other, more supportive strategies include internal witness support systems.
