ABSTRACT
The creation and manipulation of materials is an essential goal of mankind. Even, complete epoch has been designed by the basic material used by humanity to construct his tools and weapons. In this regard, new materials are essential objectives of materials science research [1-22]. In order to develop new materials, modern materials science has become interdisciplinary, that is, physics, chemistry, and engineering are in some way blended in order to get a fi nal product, which requires the following fundamental components: synthesis, characterization, study of the obtained material’s properties, and applications. However, to scientifi cally understand and master the preceding operations, it is necessary to thoroughly study the structure of the materials of our interest. To continue, the description of physical chemistry of materials, here, we study the structures of the materials of interest, that is, adsorbents, ion exchangers, ion conductors, catalysts, and permeable materials. These materials have many applications in numerous areas that are signifi cant for chemical, sustainable energy, and pollution abatement applications, such as ion conduction, ion exchange, gas separation, membrane reactors, coatings, catalysts, catalyst supports, and sensors.
