Chronic inflammation is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.1 There is increasing interest in the application of lifestyle interventions such as increased physical activity and alterations in dietary intake, reducing inflammation, and lowering the risk for incident diseases. However, the specific effects of physical fitness and/or exercise training, adiposity, and weight loss on inflammation still need clarification. This chapter discusses the association of physical activity, adiposity and chronic inflammation, and the effects of exercise training and weight loss on inflammation in healthy and diseased individuals.