ABSTRACT
Contents 11.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 400 11.2 LTE Architecture and the Physical Layer .......................................... 401
11.2.1 LTE Network Architecture .................................................. 401 11.3 Duplexing, Coding, and Modulation in LTE .................................... 403
11.3.1 LTE Physical Channels ....................................................... 408 11.3.2 Coding, Modulation, and Multiplexing ................................. 409
11.4 Cell Planning ................................................................................ 411 11.4.1 Coverage ........................................................................... 412 11.4.2 Cell IDs ............................................................................ 412 11.4.3 Cell Types ......................................................................... 415 11.4.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems (MIMO) ................ 415 11.4.5 Diversity ............................................................................ 416 11.4.6 Antenna Arrays ................................................................... 417
11.5 Propagation Modeling .................................................................... 418 11.5.1 Propagation Environments .................................................. 418 11.5.2 Empirical/Statistical Path Loss Models .................................. 419
11.5.2.1 Okumura-Hata .................................................... 419 11.5.2.2 COST-231 .......................................................... 420 11.5.2.3 IMT-2000 ........................................................... 421
11.5.3 Deterministic Path Loss Models ........................................... 422
11.5.4 Link Budget ....................................................................... 423 11.5.5 CW Testing ....................................................................... 425 11.5.6 Model Tuning .................................................................... 426
11.6 Network Performance Parameters .................................................... 426 11.6.1 Performance Parameters ...................................................... 426 11.6.2 Traffic ............................................................................... 427 11.6.3 Measurement Types ............................................................ 428
11.7 Postdeployment Optimization and Open Issues ................................. 429 11.7.1 Postdeployment Optimization .............................................. 429 11.7.2 Open Issues ....................................................................... 430
11.7.2.1 UE ...................................................................... 430 11.7.2.2 eNB .................................................................... 430
11.8 Conclusion ................................................................................... 430 Acknowledgments ................................................................................... 431 References .............................................................................................. 431
11.1 Introduction Long-term evolution (LTE) is the next generation in cellular technology to follow the current universal mobile telecommunication system/high-speed packet access (UMTS/HSPA)∗. The LTE standard targets higher peak data rates, higher spectral efficiency, lower latency, flexible channel bandwidths, and system cost compared to its predecessor. LTE is considered to be the fourth generation (4G) in mobile communications [1, 2]. It is referred to as mobile multimedia, anywhere anytime, with global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service (MAGIC) [1]. LTE will be internet protocol (IP) based, providing higher throughput, broader bandwidth, and better handoff while ensuring seamless services across covered areas with multimedia support.
