ABSTRACT

Linseed, camelina, perilla, and echium oils are n-3 C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich vegetable oil sources viewed as favorable replacements to fish oil in aquaculture feed (aquafeed) production in consideration of their high α-linolenic

Abstract ..................................................................................................................209 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 210 7.2 Past, Current, and Future Expected Availability of n-3 PUFA-Rich

Vegetable Oils ............................................................................................... 211 7.2.1 Oils Rich in α-Linolenic Acid .......................................................... 211

7.2.1.1 Linseed (Flax) Oil .............................................................. 211 7.2.1.2 Camelina Seed Oil ............................................................. 212 7.2.1.3 Perilla Oil ........................................................................... 213 7.2.1.4 Chia Seed Oil ..................................................................... 213

7.2.2 Oils Rich in Stearidonic Acid (SDA) ................................................ 214 7.3 Extraction and Refining Processes ............................................................... 215 7.4 The Physical, Chemical, and Nutritional Characteristics of n-3 PUFA-

Rich Vegetable Oils ...................................................................................... 215 7.4.1 Physical ............................................................................................. 215 7.4.2 Chemical ........................................................................................... 216 7.4.3 Nutritional ......................................................................................... 217

7.5 Utilization of the n-3 PUFA-Rich VO in Aquafeeds .................................... 219 7.5.1 Linseed Oil ....................................................................................... 219 7.5.2 Echium Oil ........................................................................................226 7.5.3 Camelina and Perilla Oils .................................................................228 7.5.4 Blends Containing n-3 PUFA-Rich Oils ...........................................228