ABSTRACT
Introduction When the Philippine government successfully thwarted the mutiny of at least 300 junior officers and soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on July 27, 2003, at Oakwood Premier Ayala Center in Makati City, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo described the moment as a great “triumph for democracy.” To prevent the military from intervening and staging another coup, President Arroyo
directed the Secretary of National Defense “to institutionalize a course on coup d’etat, conspiracies, operations and consequences in all military schools.”1
