ABSTRACT
It is clear that there are many challenging issues that lie ahead with regard to protecting natural resources from the impacts of anthropogenic chemicals. In particular, it is obvious that with the global impacts of many anthropogenic activities, understanding and predicting the effects of contaminants on wildlife populations in a changing world will require new methods, approaches, and ways of thinking. Aside from identifying the stress factors that may be impacting particular wildlife populations, the challenge is how to assess the ecological consequences of these impacts. Currently, ecological risk assessment (ERA) is the primary method used
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 257 9.1.1 Background ....................................................................................... 258
9.1.1.1 Overview of Current ERA Practices ................................. 258 9.1.2 Ecological Risk Assessment: Improvement through Modeling ....... 261
9.1.2.1 Moving beyond the Screen ................................................ 261 9.1.2.2 Probabilistic Exposure and Effects Models ....................... 261 9.1.2.3 Population-Level Approaches ............................................264 9.1.2.4 Other Population-Based Models ........................................268 9.1.2.5 ERA of Communities and Ecosystems ..............................269
