ABSTRACT
Plant patents, utility patents, Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) certicates, and trade-• marks are forms of federal intellectual property protection that are available for plants and plant materials. Unauthorized sexual reproduction of plants can be controlled by utility patents and/or • PVPA certicates. Unauthorized asexual reproduction of plants can be controlled by utility patents and/or • plant patents. Of all the forms of federal intellectual property protection available for plants, a utility patent • provides the strongest intellectual property protection and is the most difcult to obtain.
