The Cam-clay model revised by the SMP criterion

3.1 Introduction

The Cam-clay models are popular and fundamental constitutive models for normally consolidated clay. As described in Chapter 2, the original Cam-clay model was proposed by Roscoe et al. (1963) and the modified Cam-clay model was introduced by Roscoe and Burland (1968). The stress invariants used in the Cam-clay models are p and q, which are expressed in terms of the principal stress σ_i or the stress tensor σ_ij as follows (3.1)