ABSTRACT
Resonance characteristics for the branched vocal tract, such as those for nasal-type production, are conditioned by the oral cavity characteristics forward and backward from the velum and by the nasal tract characteristics from the velum to the nostrils. The speech wave production mechanism can be divided into three stages: sound source production, articulation by vocal tract, and radiation from the lips and/or nostrils. These stages can be characterized by electrical equivalent circuits based on the relationship between electrical and acoustical systems. Heat conduction losses, viscous losses, and leaky losses, which accompany sound wave transmission, are small enough to be neglected under normal conditions. The resonance characteristics depend on the vocal tract shape only, and not on the location of the sound source during both vowel-type and consonant-type production. The antiresonance characteristics during consonant-type production depend primarily on the antiresonance characteristics of the vocal tract between the glottis and sound source position.
