ABSTRACT
Head prognathous, short, somewhat retracted into prothorax, dorsally convex, surface punctate but without setae except for row of short setae on labrum medially. Eyes, in dorsal aspect, forming a smooth curve from frons to pronotum or somewhat bulging, in frontal view with outline emarginate (Fig. 12.12) or entire (Fig. 11.12). Antennae (Ant, Fig. 3.12) with 11, glabrous antennomeres; 1st antennomere (scape) spherical and appearing two-segmented, 2nd antennomere (pedicel) elongate, remainder filiform; antennomeres 3 to 11 of increasing length and longer than wide, often of various shapes, males of some groups with widened antennomeres inserted between the anterior portion of the eyes and the bases of the mandibles. Mouthparts with labrum transverse and narrow with row of short setae on the anterior margin at middle, covering most of the mandibles. Clypeus (Cl, Fig. 2.12) fused to frons, frontoclypeal su-
ture absent or visible only laterally (Figs. 2.12, 12.12). Mandibles short and robust, asymmetrical, with a subapical and two apical teeth, retinaculum pointed, with a mesal comb or brush of setae. Maxilla with lacinia with spines along inner margin and an elongate two-segmented galea, maxillary palpus (MxPlp, Fig. 3.12) four-segmented with a basal palpiger, apical palpomere elongate and/or enlarged in some groups. Labium with broad anterolateral lobes, ligula (Lig, Fig. 3.12) present and small but extending between the bases of the labial palps, labial palpus (LbPlp, Fig. 3.12) short, moderately stout, three-segmented with a basal palpiger, apical palpomere elongate and/or enlarged in some taxa. Median gular apodeme absent.
