ABSTRACT
Figure Area Perimeter
Rectangle Length×breadth Sum of sides
Triangle Base×half of perpendicular height
Sum of sides
Quadrilateral Sum of areas of contained triangles
Sum of sides
Trapezoidal Sum of areas of contained triangles
Sum of sides
Trapezium perpendicular height
Sum of sides
Parallelogram Base×perpendicular height Sum of sides
Regular polygon Half sum of sides×half internal diameter
Sum of sides
Circle pi×radius2
Figure Surface area Volume
Cylinder pi×2×radius2×length (curved surface only)
Weights of materials kg/m3 kg/m2 kg/m
Aggregate, coarse 1,500
Ashes 800
Ballast 600
Blockboard, standard
Blockboard, tempered 940-1060
Blocks, natural aggregate
75mm 160.00
100mm 215.00
140mm 300.00
Blocks, lighweight aggregate
75mm 60.00
100mm 80.00
140mm 112.00
Bricks, Fletton 1,820.00
Bricks, engineering 2,250.00
Bricks, concrete 1,850.00
Brickwork, 112.5mm 220.00
940-1000
Half of sum of parallel sides×
pi×radius ×length
Diameter ×0.5236
pi×diameter or pi×2×radius
Weights of materials kg/m3 kg/m2 kg/m
Brickwork, 215mm 465.00
Brickwork, 327.5mm 710.00
Cement 1,440
Chalk 2,240
Chipboard, standard 650-750
Chipboard, flooring 680-800
Clay 1,800
Concrete 2,450
6mm 0.091
8mm 0.125
10mm 0.158
12mm 0.191
15mm 0.280
18mm 0.385
22mm 0.531
28mm 0.681
35mm 1.133
42mm 1.368
54mm 1.769
Copper pipes, table Y
6mm 0.117
8mm 0.162
10mm 0.206
12mm 0.251
15mm 0.392
18mm 0.476
22mm 0.697
28mm 0.899
35mm 1.409
42mm 1.700
54mm 2.905
Copper pipes, table Z
6mm 0.077
8mm 0.105
10mm 0.133
12mm 0.161
Copper pipes, table×
Weights of materials kg/m3 kg/m2 kg/m 15mm 0.203 18mm 0.292 22mm 0.359 28mm 0.459 35mm 0.670 42mm 0.922 54mm 1.334
Flint 2,550 Gravel 1,750 Hardcore 1,900 Hoggin 1,750 Glass, clear sheet
3mm 7.50 4mm 10.00 5mm 12.50 6mm 15.00 10mm 25.00 12mm 30.00 15mm 37.50 19mm 47.50 25mm 63.50
Glass, float 3mm 7.50 4mm 10.00 5mm 12.50 6mm 15.00
Glass, patterned 3mm 6.00 4mm 7.50 5mm 9.50 6mm 11.50 10mm 21.50
Laminboard 500-700 Lime, ground 750 Mild steel flat bars
25×9.53mm 1.910 38×9.53mm 2.840 50×12.70 5.060 50×19.00 7.590
Mild steel round bars 6mm 0.222 8mm 0.395 10mm 0.616
Weights of materials kg/m3 kg/m2 kg/m
12mm 0.888
16mm 1.579
20mm 2.466
25mm 3.854
32mm 6.313
40mm 9.864
50mm 15.413
Mild steel square bars
6mm 0.283
8mm 0.503
10mm 0.784
12mm 1.131
16mm 2.010
20mm 3,139
25mm 4.905
32mm 8.035
40mm 12.554
50mm 19.617
Plaster
7.80
Carlite tough coat, 11 mm thick
7.80
Carlite bonding, 8mm thick 7.10
Carlite bonding, 11 mm thick 9.80
Thistle hardwall, 11 mm thick 8.80
Thistle dri-coat, 11 mm thick 8.30
Thistle renovating, 11 mm thick
8.80
Sand 1,600
Screed, 12.5mm thick 29.00
Stone, Bath 2,200
Stone, crushed 1,350
Stone, Darley Dale 2,400
Carlite browning. 11mm thick
Weights of materials kg/m3 kg/m2
Stone, natural 2,400
Stone, Portland 2,200
Stone, reconstructed 2,250
Stone, York 2,400
Terrazzo, 25mm thick 45.50
Timber
Ash 800
Baltic Spruce 480
Beech 815
Birch 720
Box 960
Cedar 480
Ebony 1,215
Elm 625
Greenheart 960
Jarrah 815
Maple 750
Pine, Pitchpine 800
Pine, Red Deal 575
Pine, Yellow Deal 530
Sycamore 530
Teak, African 960
Teak, Indian 655
Walnut 495
Top soil 1,000
Water 950
Woodblock flooring
softwood 12.70
hardwood 17.60
Zinc sheeting 4.6
EXCAVATION AND FILLING Shrinkage of deposited material
Clay −10%
Gravel −7.5%
Sandy soil −12.5%
Bulking excavated material
Clay 40%
Gravel 25%
Sand 20%
Typical fuel comsumption for plant
Engine size kW Litres per hour
Compressors up to 20 4.00 30 6.50 40 8.20 50 9.00 75 16.00 100 20.00 125 25.00 150 30.00
Concrete mixers up to 5 1.00 10 2.40 15 3.80 20 5.00
Dumpers 5 1.30 7 2.00 10 3.00 15 4.00 20 4.90 30 7.00 50 12.00
Excavators 10 2.50 20 4.50 40 9.00 60 13.00 80 17.00
Pumps 5 1.10 10 2.10 15 3.20 20 4.20 25 5.50
CONCRETE WORK Concrete mixes
Mix Cement t Sand m3 Aggregate m3 Water litters
1:1:2 0.50 0.45 0.70 208.00
1:1:5:3 0.37 0.50 0.80 185.00
1:2:4 0.30 0.54 0.85 175.00
1:2:5:5 0.25 0.55 0.85 166.00
1:3:6 0.22 0.55 0.85 160.00
BRICKWORK AND BLOCKWORK
Half brick wall
stretcher bond 59
English bond 89
English garden wall bond 74
Flemish bond 79
One brick wall
English bond 118
Flemish bond 118
One and a half brick wall
English bond 178
Flemish bond 178
Two brick wall
English bond 238
Flemish bond 238
Metric modular bricks
200×100×75mm
90mm thick 133
190mm thick 200
200×100×100mm
90mm thick 50
190mm thick 100
290mm thick 150
300×100×75mm
90mm thick 44
300×100×100mm
90mm thick 50
Blocks per m2 (block size 414×215mm)
60mm thick 9.9
75mm thick 9.9
100mm thick 9.9
140mm thick 9.9
190mm thick 9.9
215mm thick 9.9
Brick size 215×103.5×65mm
half brick wall 0.017 0.024 0.031
one brick wall 0.045 0.059 0.073
one and a half brick wall 0.072 0.093 0.114
two brick wall 0.101 0.128 0.155
Brick size 200×100×75mm Solid m3 Perforated m3
90mm thick 0.016 0.019
190mm thick 0.042 0.048
290mm thick 0.068 0.078
Brick size 200×100×100mm
90mm thick 0.013 0.016
190mm thick 0.036 0.041
290mm thick 0.059 0.067
Brick size 200×100×100mm
90mm thick 0.015 0.018
Block size 440×215mm
60mm thick 0.004
75mm thick 0.005
100mm thick 0.006
140mm thick 0.007
190mm thick 0.008
215mm thick 0.009
MASONRY
Mortar per m2 of random walling m3
300mm thick wall 0.120
450mm thick wall 0.160
550mm thick wall 0.120
CARPENTRY AND JOINERY Length of boarding required m/m2
Board width, 75mm 13.33
Board width, 100mm 10.00
Board width, 125mm 8.00
Board width, 150mm 6.67
Board width, 175mm 5.71
Board width, 200mm 5.00
ROOFING Lap mm Gauge mm Nr/m2 Battens m/m2
Clay/concrete tiles
267×165mm 65 100 60.00 10.00
65 98 64.00 10.50
65 90 68.00 11.30
387×230mm 75 300 16.00 3.20
100 280 17.40 3.50
420×330mm 75 340 10.00 2.90
100 320 10.74 3.10
Fibre slates
500×250mm 90 205 19.50 4.85
80 210 19.10 4.76
70 215 18.60 4.65
600×300mm 105 250 13.60 4.04
100 250 13.40 4.00
90 255 13.10 3.92
80 260 12.90 3.85
70 263 12.70 3.77
400×200mm 70 165 30.00 6.06
75 162 30.90 6.17
90 155 32.30 6.45
500×250mm 70 215 18.60 4.65
75 212 18.90 4.72
90 205 19.50 4.88
100 200 20.00 5.00
110 195 20.50 5.13
600×300mm 100 250 13.4 4.00
110 245 13.60 4.08
Natural slates
405×205mm 75 165 29.59 8.70
405×255mm 75 165 23.75 6.06
405×305mm 75 165 19.00 5.00
460×230mm 75 195 23.00 6.00
460×255mm 75 195 20.37 5.20
460×305mm 75 195 17.00 5.00
510×255mm 75 220 18.02 4.60
510×305mm 75 220 15.00 4.00
560×280mm 75 240 14.81 4.12
560×280mm 75 240 14.00 4.00
610×305mm 75 265 12.27 3.74
Reconstructed stone slates
380×250mm 75 150 16.00 3.20
PLASTERING AND TILING
Plaster coverage m2 per 1000kg
Carlite browning, 11 mm thick 135-155
Carlite tough coat, 11mm thick 135-150
Carlite bonding, 11mm thick 100-115
Thistle hardwall, 11mm thick 115-130
Thistle dri-coat, 11mm thick 135-135
Thistle renovating, 11mm thick 115-125
Tile coverage Nr per m2
43.27
200×200mm 25.00
PLUMBING AND HEATING
Roof drainage Area m2 Pipe mm Gutter mm
One end outlet 15 50 75
38 68 100
100 110 150
Centre outlet 30 50 75
75 68 100
200 110 150
152×152mm
PAINTING AND WALLPAPERING
Average coverage of paints m2 per litre
Timber Plastered surfaces Brickwork
Primer 10-12 9-11 5-7
Undercoat 10-12 11-14 6-8
Gloss 11-14 11-14 6-8
Emulsion 10-12 12-15 6-10
Wallpaper coverage per roll Rolls nr Wall height m Room perimeter m
4 2.50 8
5 2.50 9
5 2.50 10
6 2.50 11
6 2.50 12
7 2.50 13
7 2.50 14
8 2.50 15
8 2.50 16
8 2.50 17
9 2.50 18
10 2.50 19
10 2.50 20
10 2.50 21
11 2.50 22
11 2.50 23
12 2.50 24
13 2.50 25
13 2.50 26
14 2.50 27
5 2.80 8
5 2.80 9
5 2.80 10
7 2.80 11
7 2.80 12
7 2.80 13
8 2.80 14
8 2.80 15
9 2.80 16
10 2.80 17
10 2.80 18
11 2.80 19
11 2.80 20
12 2.80 21
13 2.80 22
13 2.80 23
14 2.80 24
14 2.80 25
15 2.80 26
15 2.80 27
Drainage
Trench widths Under 1.5m deep mm Over 1.5m deep mm
Pipe diameter 100mm 450 600
Pipe diameter 150mm 500 650
Pipe diameter 225mm 600 750
Pipe diameter 300mm 650 800
Volumes of filling for pipe bed and haunching (m3 per m) m3
Pipe diameter 100mm 0.117
Pipe diameter 150mm 0.152
Pipe diameter 225mm 0.195
Volumes of filling for pipe bed and surround (m3 per m)
Pipe diameter 100mm 0.185
Pipe diameter 150mm 0.231
Pipe diameter 225mm 0.285
Pipe diameter 300mm 0.391
LANDSCAPING
Tree sizes Type Height Clear stem height
Girth
Light standard 2.50-2.75m 1.50-1.80m 6-8cm
Standard 2.75-3.00m 1.8m 8-10cm
Selected standard
3.00-3.50m 1.8m 10-12cm
Heavy standard 3.50-4.00m 1.8m 12-14cm
Extra heavy standard
4.00-5.00m 1.8m 14-16cm
gm/m2 34 gm/m2 50 gm/m2 102 gm/m2 500
Bowling green (size 38.4×38.4m, area 1,475m2)
50 75 150 200
Cricket square (size 22.8×22.8m area 522m2)
18 27 54 72
Golf green (18 nr each size 570m2)
350 525 1050 1400
Lawn tennis (size 36.6×18.3m, area 670m2)
23 35 69 92
Football (size 119×91m, area 10,380m2)
368 552 1104 1472
area 6,900m2) 235 352 705 940
Hockey (size 91×55m, area 5,005m2)
170 255 510 680
Weedkiller
litres per hectare
Bowling green (size 38.4×38.4m, area 1,475m2) 1.48
Cricket square (size 22.8×22.8m, area 522m2) 0.52
Golf green (18 nr each size 570m2) 10.28
Lawn tennis (size 36.6×18.3m, area 670m2) 0.67
Football (size 119×91m, area 10,380m2) 10.83
Rugby (size 100×69m, area 6,900m2) 6.90
Hockey (size 91×55m, area 5,005m2) 5.00
CIVIL ENGINEERING OUTPUT
Placing ready-mixed concrete Labour gang (m3 per hour)
Mass concrete
blinding
150mm thick 5.50
150-300mm thick 6.25
300-500mm thick 7.00
bases
not exceeding 150mm thick 5.00
not exceeding 300mm thick 5.75
not exceeding 500mm thick 6.75
exceeding 150mm thick 7.00
sports fields Quantities of seed for
Rugby (size 100×69m,
Reinforced concrete
bases
not exceeding 300mm thick 5.50
not exceeding 500mm thick 6.25
exceeding 150mm thick 6.75
suspended slabs
not exceeding 150mm thick 3.75
not exceeding 300mm thick 4.75
exceeding 300mm thick 5.75
walls
not exceeding 150mm thick 3.50
not exceeding 300mm thick 4.50
exceeding 300mm thick 5.00
beams and columns
sectional area not exceeding 0.03m2) 2.00
sectional area not exceeding 0.03 -1.0m2) 2.50
sectional area exceeding 1.0m2) 3.50
Fixing bar reinforcement
The following figures exclude delivery, craneage and hoisting in position. The hours refer to tonnes per hour for a steelfixer and general operative
Height up to 6m (hours)
Height 7 to 12m (hours)
Height 13 to 19m (hours)
Height over 19m (hours)
Straight round bars to beams, walls, roofs and walls 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.16 to braces, columns and sloping roofs
0.06 0.08 0.12 0.16
Bent round bars to beams, walls, roofs and walls 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 to braces, columns and sloping
roofs 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06
Straight, indented or square bars to beams, walls, roofs and walls 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.14 to braces, columns and sloping roofs
0.02 0.04 0.04 0.08
Bent, indented or square bars to beams, walls, roofs and walls 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 to braces, columns and sloping roofs
0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04
Erecting and striking formwork
Joiner m2 per hour General operative m2 per hour
Vertical wall face, height
up to 1.5m 1.70 0.80
1.5 to 3.0m 1.40 0.70
3.0 to 4.5m 1.20 0.60
4.5 to 6.0m 1.00 0.50
Horizontal slabs, height
up to 3.0m 1.11 1.11
3.0 to 3.6m 1.05 1.05
3.6 to 4.2m 1.00 1.00
4.2 to 4.8m 0.95 0.95
4.8 to 5.4m 0.90 0.90
5.4 to 6.0m 0.83 0.83
Formwork multipliers Multiplier
Battered walls 1.20
Circular walls to large radius 1.70
Circular walls to small radius 2.10
Formwork, one use 1.00
Formwork, two uses, per use 0.85
Formwork, three uses, per use 0.75
Formwork, four uses, per use 0.72
ormwork, five uses, per use 0.68
Formwork, six uses, per use 0.66
Formwork, seven uses, per use 0.63
Drainage
Unit Drainage gang (m/hour) in trenches less
than 1.5m deep
Drainage gang (m/hour) in trenches less
than 3.0m deep
Drainage gang (m/hour) in trenches less
than 4.5m deep
Lay and joint flexible-jointed clayware pipes, diameter
100mm m 10 8 7
150mm m 7 6 5
225mm m 5 4 3
300mm m 4 3 2
375mm m 3 2 2
450mm m 2 2 1
Bends
100mm nr 20 17 14
150mm nr 17 14 13
225mm nr 13 10 8
300mm nr 10 8 7
375mm nr 7 6 5
450mm nr 3 3 2
Single junctions
100mm nr 13 10 8
150mm nr 7 6 5
225mm nr 6 5 4
300mm nr 4 3 3
375mm nr 3 2 2
450mm nr 2 2 1
Precast concrete manholes Unit Pipelayer General operative
675mm diameter shaft rings m/hour 1.00 0.30
900mm diameter manhole rings m/hour 0.60 0.20
1200mm diameter manhole rings m/hour 0.40 0.10
1500mm diameter manhole rings m/hour 0.30 0.10
900 to 675mm tapers nr/hour 1.00 0.30
1200 to 675mm tapers nr/hour 0.60 0.20
900 to 675mm tapers nr/hour 0.50 0.20
Cover slabs to 675mm rings nr/hour 2.50 0.80
Cover slabs to 675mm rings nr/hour 2.00 0.70
Cover slabs to 675mm rings nr/hour 1.40 0.50
Cover slabs to 675mm rings nr/hour 0.90 0.30
Build in pipes and make good
150mm diameter nr/hour 4.00 0.00
300mm diameter nr/hour 2.00 0.00
450mm diameter nr/hour 1.00 0.00
Benching 150mm thick m2/hour 1.20 1.20
Benching 300mm thick m2/hour 0.60 0.60
Render benching 25mm thick m2/hour 1.10 1.10
Manhole cover and frame nr/hour 1.30 1.30
