ABSTRACT
Most of the design effort on concrete structures is concentrated on structural analysis to refine strength to achieve a structural form w i t h least first cost. The specification for materials is usually a mixture of British Standards and 'cut and paste' clauses from previous contracts, recycled w i t h little thought. The contractor concentrates his energy on maximizing his profi t by constructing as fast as possible, w i t h the cheapest materials w h i c h just comply w i t h the m i n i m u m standards i n the specification. The spalling rusty consequences of this approach are to be seen developing everywhere.
