ABSTRACT
Plumbing systems are essential infrastucture for "wet" labs for glassware and equipment washing, solvent/ dilution service, and pure water distillation ranging from sterilization and bio-kill applications to water for injection (WFI). Modern laboratories have different water systems including: system, "protected" water system dedicated to research activities, water for processing, and water for injection where the product may be injected into humans. Sterilization uses water as a medium for nearly every process; heated in glass lined or stainless steel heat exchangers, the to be sterilized is sustained at a temperature sufficient duration to kill any microorganisms.
