ABSTRACT
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 152 Patient S e lection .................................................................................................................. J53 Patient P rep ara tion ............................................................................................................ J53 Radical Nephrectom y .......................................................................................................... 153 Partial N ephrourectom y .................................................................................................... 158 Partial Nephrectomy and Renal Wedge R esection ...................................................... 159 C onclusion ............................................................................................................................. 159
The European pioneers, Kelling and Jacobeus,1 first utilized laparoscopic tech niques during the early 20th century. However the use of gynecological laparos copy did not become widespread until the 1950s with the development and en hancement o f optical fibers and telescopic lens systems. Laparoscopy blossomed again during the 1970s and 80s with the development of microcameras and spe cial surgical instruments. In 1976, urological laparoscopy developed when Cortesi et al2 described the laparoscopic treatment o f bilateral cryptorchidism. In 1991, Clayman et al3 performed the first laparoscopic nephrectomy in an 85-year-old woman with a left renal oncocytoma. During the intervening 15 years between Cortesi and Clayman, several other pioneers have developed innovative urologic techniques for laparoscopy.
