ABSTRACT
Extrusive rock – Igneous rock formed when lava cools and solidifies as magma reaches the Earth’s surface
Fermentation – An anaerobic respiration by which yeast uses sugar for energy without using oxygen
Filtrate – The liquid which passes through a filter paper during filtration
Filtration – A means of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid
Fossil fuels – Fuels such as coal, oil, gas, which have formed from the remains of plants or animals
Fractional distillation – The process of separating mixtures of liquids according to their boiling points
Fractions – Liquids separated from crude oil by fractional distillation
Freeze – Change of state from liquid to solid
Geological change – A change in which the structure or composition of rocks is altered
Giant structure – A structure of very many particles bonded together
Greenhouse gases – Gases present in the atmosphere which cause an increase in the Earth’s average temperature
Group – A vertical column in the Periodic Table
Hydrocarbons – Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon as the only elements
Igneous rocks – Rocks formed from molten magma
Intrusive rock – Igneous rock formed when magma cools inside the Earth’s crust
Neutralisation – a reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water
Oxidation – A reaction in which oxygen is gained or electrons are lost or hydrogen is lost
pH – A measure of acidity according to the concentration of hydrogen ions
Photosynthesis – The production of glucose from carbon dioxide and water by green plants using light
Physical change – A change in which no new substances are produced
Physical properties – Those properties of a substance which do not involve chemical change
Physical state – One of the states of matter
Plates – Large sections of the Earth’s lithosphere
Polymerisation – A reaction in which molecules containing very long carbon chains are made from smaller units
Polymers – Compounds, made from smaller molecules, which contain very long chains of carbon atoms
Precipitate – A solid formed from solution as a result of two soluble substances reacting to form an insoluble one
Precipitation – A reaction which produces a precipitate
Products – Substances formed during a chemical reaction
Proton – A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Radical – An ion which is made up of more than one atom
Reactants – The chemicals present at the start of a chemical reaction
Reduction – A reaction in which oxygen is lost or electrons are gained or hydrogen is gained
Relative atomic mass – The average mass of the atoms in an element using a scale on which the mass of carbon is twelve
Residue – The substance remaining in the filter paper after filtration
Respiration – A process of releasing energy from glucose
Reversible reaction – A chemical reaction in which the products can react to re-form the starting substances according to the prevailing conditions
Rocks – Mixtures of minerals which are present in the Earth’s crust
Rusting – The corrosion of iron (or steel) which requires both air (oxygen) and water
Sacrificial protection – A method of rust prevention by using a more reactive metal which corrodes in place of the iron
Salt – A compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal
Sediment – Fragments of rock which have moved and settled
Sedimentary rocks – Rocks formed from layers of sediment
Solute – A solid which has dissolved to form a solution
Solution – A mixture in which one substance has dissolved in another
Solvent – A liquid which has dissolved another substance to make a solution
States of matter – Solid, liquid, gas
Substrate – A reactant which takes part in a reaction catalysed by an enzyme
Weathering – A process by which rocks are broken down into fragments in situ
Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Ammonia NH3 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Calcium chloride CaCl2 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium oxide CaO
Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon monoxide CO
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Chlorine Cl2 Copper carbonate CuCO3 (Copper(II) carbonate)
Copper chloride CuCl2 (Copper(II) chloride)
Copper oxide CuO (Copper(II) oxide)
Copper nitrate Cu(NO3)2 (Copper(II) nitrate)
Copper sulphate CuSO4 (Copper(II) sulphate)
Ethane C2H6
Ethene C2H4 Hydrochloric acid HCl
Hydrogen H2 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Iron oxide Fe2O3 (Iron(III) oxide)
Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 Iron(III) sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 Lithium chloride LiCl
Lithium hydroxide LiOH
Lithium oxide Li2O
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 Magnesium chloride MgCl2 Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium oxide MgO
Magnesium sulphate MgSO4 Methane CH4 Nitric acid HNO3 Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2
Ozone O3 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 Potassium chloride KCl
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Potassium oxide K2O
Propane C3H8 Propene C3H6 Silver nitrate AgNO3 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Sodium oxide Na2O
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 Sulphur dioxide SO2 Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Sulphurous acid H2SO3 Water H2O
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 Zinc chloride ZnCl2 Zinc sulphate ZnSO4
