ABSTRACT
Ergonomics is the application of scientific principles, methods and data drawn from a variety of disciplines to the development of engineering systems in which people play a significant role. Among the basic contributing disciplines are psychology, cognitive sciences, physiology, biomechanics, applied physical anthropometry and industrial systems engineering (Kroemer et. al., 2003). The importance of safety and ergonomics has grown significantly over the past years (Marilla et. al., 1996). The latest technology has allowed for the expanded used of ergonomics and additional safety features in products and equipment. At the same time, new technology has created new risks, and the management of these risks is more complicated. For this reason, it is important for a designer to use his knowledge of ergonomics during the design process of machines, equipment, products and systems. There is substantial epidemiologic evidence that links physical ergonomics exposures at the workplace, such as lifting, constrained postures, repetitive movements, fast work pace, handling of heavy material, torceful exertions and vibration, to the occurrence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (Bernard ct. al., 1997; Grieco ct. aL, 1998; Hagberg et. aL, 1995; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2001; van der Windt et. aL, 2000). Ergonomics (also called human factors or human engineering in the United States) can be defined as the study of human characteristics for the appropriate design of the living and work environment. Its fundamental aim is that all human-made tools, devices, equipment, machines, and environments should advance, directly or indirectly, the safety, well-being, and performance of human beings (Kraemer et. aL, 2003). Several ergonomic interventions, such as employee training, redesign of process tools or workstations and improvement of work conditions, have been suggested and implemented to tackle musculoskeletal problems related to industrial work (Wang et. aL, 2003; Weestgard and Winkel et. aL, 1997).
