ABSTRACT
CP violation enters the standard model with the addition of the third family of quarks (b and t). is was noticed by Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa when only two quark families were known. e phase that determines CP violation is found in the elements of the CabibboKobayashi-Maskawa matrix Vub and Vtd. In the parametrization of the matrix given in Table 12.1, two of the parameters are known with good precision, and we can x them as λ = 0.226 and A = 0.82. e remaining two parameters enter only in Vub and Vtd and are given by the magnitude and the phase of Vub or the parameter r in Table 12.1.
