b

Comments: Some workers use “behavior” as both a singular and plural term; other workers use “behavior” as singular and “behaviors” as plural (Edwards 1986). Only some of the many kinds of named behavior are listed below. [Formed on BEHAVE by form analogy with HAVOUR; BEHAVE; behavior < Middle English be-, thoroughly + have, to hold oneself, act < Old English behabben, had < Old High German bihabên < be-, about + habban, to hold, HAVE, in senses “encompass, contain, detain” (Oxford English Dictionary)]. abnormal behavior□n. In many animal species: a very large mixed category of behavior that includes persistent, undesirable actions shown by a minority of individuals of a population, is not due to any obvious damage to an animal’s nervous system, and is generalized (not confined to any situation that originally elicited it) (Broadhurst 1960 in Dawkins 1980, 77). syn. behavioral anomaly (Immelmann and Beer 1989, 1) cf. behavioral deficit; captivity degeneration; hospitalism; hypersexuality; hypertrophy; Kasper-Hauser; learning: imprinting: erroneous imprinting; mounting attempt; syndrome: deprivation syndrome, separation syndrome; stereotypy Comments: Abnormal behavior is damaging or maladaptive to an animal, according to Fraser (1968 in Dawkins 1980, 77) but not according to Meyer-Holzapfel (1968 in Dawkins 1980, 77). “Abnormal behavior” may overlap broadly with “fear” and “conflict behavior” (Dawkins 1980, 77). Examples of abnormal behavior include a monkey’s biting itself so hard that it screams with pain, a cockatoo’s pulling out all of its feathers except a single one on the top of its head, and pigs’ biting each other’s ears and tails (references in Dawkins 1980, 77). deprivation syndrome□See syndrome:

deprivation syndrome. erroneous imprinting□See learning:

imprinting. separation syndrome, separation

trauma□See syndrome: separation syndrome.