ABSTRACT
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With the exception of soaps, commercial anionic surfactants mainly belong to the sulfonate and sulfate families. Sulfonated species include alkylbenzenesulfonates (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS], with linear alkyl chain for detergence and still, to a much lesser extent, long, branched-chain
140 Handbook of Detergents/Part F: Production
compounds as lubricating oil additives), secondary alkanesulfonates (SAS), α-ole n and internal ole n sulfonates (AOS and IOS, respectively), α-sulfo fatty acid esters (FAES, principally methyl esters), sulfosuccinic acid alkyl esters (e.g., bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, sodium salt, a.k.a. AOT, one of the best wetting agents known so far), fatty acid isethionates (acyl oxyalkanesulfonates), petroleum sulfonates, and lignosulfonates. Alkyl sulfates (AS) are derived by direct sulfation of long-chain alcohols, either natural oil-based ones (fatty alcohols) or synthesized by the Oxo process; alkyl ether sulfates (AES) are obtained from slightly ethoxylated (most commonly 2-3 ethylene oxide units) alcohols [1]. This chapter only deals with alkanesulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, and lignosulfonates, all of them reviewed thoroughly earlier in this series by Bluestein and Bluestein [2]. Alkylbenzenesulfonates, AOS, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates, soaps, alkyl phosphates, sulfosuccinates, sarcosinates, and taurates are dealt with in other chapters of this book. α-Sulfomonocarboxylic acids and derivatives were reviewed in this series by Stirton and Weil [3].
