ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 Introduction to Polymers.............................................................. 1
1.1 Additives ....................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Permeation .................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Absorption .................................................................................................. 12
1.4 Painting of Polymers ................................................................................. 15
1.5 Corrosion of Polymers .............................................................................. 16
Chapter 2 Thermoplastic Polymers ............................................................. 19
2.1 Joining of Thermoplastics......................................................................... 30
2.1.1 Use of Adhesive .......................................................................... 32
2.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) ................................................. 37
2.3 Acrylics ........................................................................................................ 37
2.4 Chlotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) .................................................................. 41
2.5 Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE).............................................. 46
2.6 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)...................................................... 51
2.7 Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene (FEP) .................................................. 51
2.8 Polyamides (PA)......................................................................................... 60
2.9 Polyamide-Imide (PAI)............................................................................. 65
2.10 Polybutylene (PB) ...................................................................................... 66
2.11 Polycarbonate (PC) .................................................................................... 68
2.12 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)................................................................... 70
2.13 Polyether-Imide (PEI) ............................................................................... 73
2.14 Polyether Sulfone (PES) ............................................................................ 75
2.15 Perfluoralkoxy (PFA)................................................................................. 77
2.16 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ............................................................... 81
2.17 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)............................................................. 82
2.18 Polyethylene (PE)....................................................................................... 91
2.19 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)......................................................... 100
2.20 Polyimide (PI)........................................................................................... 102
2.21 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) .................................................................. 103
2.22 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS).................................................................. 104
2.23 Polypropylene (PP).................................................................................. 108
2.24 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) .................................................................. 113
2.25 Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC).......................................................... 114
2.26 Polysulfone (PSF) ..................................................................................... 118
2.27 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)....................................................................... 121
2.28 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) ............................................. 129
2.29 Chlorinated Polyether (CPE) ................................................................. 134
2.32 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) ...................................................... 141
2.33 Acetals...................................................................................................... 143
References .......................................................................................................... 146
Chapter 3 Thermoset Polymers .................................................................. 147
3.1 Corrosion of Thermosets ........................................................................ 147
3.2 Joining of Thermosets ............................................................................. 151
3.3 Ultraviolet Light Stability ....................................................................... 151
3.4 Reinforcing Materials .............................................................................. 151
3.4.1 Glass Fibers ................................................................................ 152
3.4.1.1 E Glass ......................................................................... 152
3.4.1.2 C Glass......................................................................... 152
3.4.1.3 S Glass.......................................................................... 154
3.4.1.4 Glass Filaments .......................................................... 154
3.4.1.5 Chopped Strands ....................................................... 155
3.4.1.6 Glass Mats................................................................... 155
3.4.1.7 Glass Fabrics ............................................................... 155
3.4.2 Polyester ..................................................................................... 155
3.4.3 Carbon Fiber .............................................................................. 156
3.4.4 Aramid Fibers............................................................................ 156
3.4.5 Polyethylene Fibers .................................................................. 157
3.4.6 Paper ........................................................................................... 157
3.4.7 Cotton and Linen ...................................................................... 158
3.5 Polyesters .................................................................................................. 158
3.5.1 General Purpose Polyesters .................................................... 160
3.5.2 Isophthalic Polyesters............................................................... 161
3.5.2.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 165
3.5.3 Bisphenol A Fumarate Polyesters .......................................... 166
3.5.3.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 173
3.5.4 Halogenated Polyesters ........................................................... 173
3.5.4.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 178
3.5.5 Terephthalate Polyesters (PET)............................................... 178
3.5.5.1 Typical Applications.................................................. 180
3.6 Epoxy Polyesters...................................................................................... 180
3.6.1 Resin Types ................................................................................ 181
3.6.2 Curing ......................................................................................... 182
3.6.2.1 Aromatic Amines....................................................... 183
3.6.2.2 Aliphatic Amines ....................................................... 183
3.6.2.3 Catalytic Curing Agents ........................................... 183
3.6.2.4 Acid Anhydrides ....................................................... 183
3.6.3 Corrosion Resistance ................................................................ 184
3.6.4 Typical Applications................................................................. 184
3.7 Vinyl Esters ............................................................................................... 188
3.8.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 199
3.9 Phenolics.................................................................................................... 199
3.9.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 199
3.10 Phenol-Formaldehyde............................................................................. 204
3.10.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 204
3.11 Silicones ..................................................................................................... 207
3.11.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 210
3.12 Siloxirane................................................................................................... 210
3.12.1 Typical Applications.................................................................. 211
3.13 Polyurethanes ........................................................................................... 211
3.13.1 Typical Applications.................................................................. 211
3.14 Melamines ................................................................................................. 211
3.14.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 213
3.15 Alkyds........................................................................................................ 213
3.15.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 213
3.16 Ureas (Aminos) ........................................................................................ 214
3.17 Allyls .......................................................................................................... 214
3.18 Polybutadienes ......................................................................................... 215
3.19 Polyimides................................................................................................. 218
3.19.1 Typical Applications................................................................. 219
3.20 Cyanate Esters .......................................................................................... 219
References .......................................................................................................... 219
Chapter 4 Comparative Corrosion Resistance of Thermoplastic
and Thermoset Polymers.......................................................... 221
Reference ............................................................................................................ 441
Chapter 5 Elastomers.................................................................................... 443
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 443
5.1.1 Importance of Compounding ................................................. 445
5.1.2 Similarities of Elastomers and Thermoplastic Polymers ... 446
5.1.3 Differences between Elastomers and Thermoplasts ........... 446
5.1.4 Causes of Failure....................................................................... 447
5.1.5 Selecting an Elastomer ............................................................. 448
5.1.6 Corrosion Resistance ................................................................ 451
5.1.7 Applications............................................................................... 452
5.1.8 Elastomer Designations ........................................................... 453
5.2 Natural Rubber......................................................................................... 453
5.2.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 454
5.2.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 454
5.2.3 Applications............................................................................... 459
5.3 Isoprene Rubber (IR) ............................................................................... 459
5.4 Neoprene (CR).......................................................................................... 460
5.4.3 Applications............................................................................... 465
5.5 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR, Buna-S, GR-S)................................ 467
5.5.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 467
5.5.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 468
5.5.3 Applications............................................................................... 469
5.6 Nitrile Rubber (NBR, Buna-N) .............................................................. 470
5.6.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 470
5.6.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 470
5.6.3 Applications............................................................................... 470
5.7 Butyl Rubber (IIR) and Chlorobutyl Rubber (CIIR)........................... 472
5.7.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 472
5.7.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 473
5.7.3 Applications............................................................................... 478
5.8 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (Hypalon)............................ 478
5.8.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 479
5.8.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 479
5.8.3 Applications............................................................................... 479
5.9 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR).................................................................... 484
5.9.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 484
5.9.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 484
5.9.3 Applications............................................................................... 486
5.10 Ethylene-Acrylic (EA) Rubber .............................................................. 486
5.10.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 487
5.10.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 487
5.10.3 Applications............................................................................... 487
5.11 Acrylate-Butadiene Rubber (ABR) and Acrylic
Ester-Acrylic Halide (ACM) Rubbers .................................................. 487
5.11.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 487
5.11.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 488
5.11.3 Applications ............................................................................... 488
5.12 Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPDM and EPT)................................. 488
5.12.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 489
5.12.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 489
5.12.3 Applications............................................................................... 489
5.13 Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Rubber ........................................... 497
5.13.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 497
5.13.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 497
5.13.3 Applications............................................................................... 497
5.14 Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) Rubber ......................... 497
5.14.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 498
5.14.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 498
5.14.3 Applications............................................................................... 498
5.15 Polysulfide Rubbers (ST and FA) .......................................................... 498
5.15.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 498
5.16 Urethane Rubbers (AU) .......................................................................... 502
5.16.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 503
5.16.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 504
5.16.3 Applications............................................................................... 509
5.17 Polyamides................................................................................................ 510
5.17.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................. 511
5.17.2 Chemical Resistance .................................................................. 511
5.17.3 Applications............................................................................... 514
5.18 Polyester (PE) Elastomer ........................................................................ 514
5.18.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 515
5.18.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 515
5.18.3 Applications............................................................................... 515
5.19 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) Olefinic Type (TEO) ...................... 518
5.19.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 519
5.19.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 519
5.19.3 Applications............................................................................... 519
5.20 Silicone (SI) and Fluorosilicone (FSI) Rubbers.................................... 519
5.20.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 520
5.20.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 520
5.20.3 Applications............................................................................... 523
5.21 Vinylidene Fluoride (HFP, PVDF)......................................................... 524
5.21.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 525
5.21.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 525
5.21.3 Applications............................................................................... 525
5.22 Fluoroelastomers (FKM) ......................................................................... 530
5.22.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 531
5.22.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 531
5.22.3 Applications............................................................................... 531
5.23 Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Elastomer................................ 537
5.23.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 537
5.23.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 537
5.23.3 Applications............................................................................... 541
5.24 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Elastomer...................... 541
5.24.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 542
5.24.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 542
5.24.3 Applications............................................................................... 546
5.25 Perfluoroelastomers (FPM)..................................................................... 546
5.25.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 548
5.25.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 548
5.25.3 Applications............................................................................... 560
5.26 Epichlorohydrin Rubber ......................................................................... 561
5.26.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 561
5.26.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 561
5.26.3 Applications............................................................................... 561
5.27.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 562
5.27.3 Applications............................................................................... 562
5.28 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM)............................................................. 562
5.28.1 Resistance to Sun, Weather, and Ozone ................................ 562
5.28.2 Chemical Resistance ................................................................. 562
5.28.3 Applications............................................................................... 562
Chapter 6 Comparative Corrosion Resistance
of Selected Elastomers .............................................................. 563
Reference ............................................................................................................ 575
Index ................................................................................................................... 577
