ABSTRACT
Chloroplasts are crucial for plant cell metabolism since they perform a unique and complex process namedphotosynthesis.ThisprocessisalsovitalforaerobicandheterotrophiclifeonEarth,because itprovidesthecarbohydratesthataresustainingeveryfoodchain.ThelightreactionsofphotosynthesisuseveryabundantresourcesonEarth,water,andsunlight,toproduceoxygenandprovide chemicalenergy(ATP)andreducingpower(NADPH).Thesetwocompoundsdrivethedarkreactions of photosynthesis, namely, CO2 xation into carbohydrates, but also the synthesis of many otheressentialcomponents,includingfattyacids,aminoacids,andnucleicacids,alltakingplace
14.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 361 14.2Photosynthesis, Photoacclimation, and Photoinhibition ....................................................... 362 14.3Arabidopsis as a Model Plant in Photosynthesis Research ..................................................364 14.4Plant Membrane Transporters: Classication and Strategies for Identication ................... 365 14.5Chloroplast Transporters ...................................................................................................... 367
14.5.1 Channels/Porins ........................................................................................................ 368 14.5.1.1Voltage-Gated Ion Channels ...................................................................... 370 14.5.1.2Aquaporins ................................................................................................. 372 14.5.1.3Translocon of the Inner Envelope Anion Channel 110 (Tic110) ................ 372 14.5.1.4Mg2+ Channel (MRS) ................................................................................. 372 14.5.1.5Outer Envelope Porins ............................................................................... 373
14.5.2Secondary Transporters ............................................................................................ 373 14.5.2.1Phosphate Transporters .............................................................................. 374 14.5.2.2ATP/ADP Antiporters ................................................................................ 376 14.5.2.3 Mitochondrial Carriers .............................................................................. 376 14.5.2.4The Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-2 (CPA2) ................................ 377
14.5.3Primary Transporters ................................................................................................ 378 14.5.3.1ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters .......................................................... 378 14.5.3.2H+-Translocating F-Type ATPases ............................................................. 378 14.5.3.3P-Type ATPases ......................................................................................... 379 14.5.3.4Light-Absorption-Driven Transporters ...................................................... 379
14.5.4Incompletely Characterized Transporters ................................................................ 380 14.5.4.1Metal Ion Transporters ..............................................................................380
