ABSTRACT
Golf has become a popular game since World War II in Western societies, and the number of golf coursesintheworldwillcontinuetogroweventhoughtheworldiscurrentlyfacingeconomicchallengesonagloballevel.Suchatrendmaybepossiblepartiallyduetothefactsthatnewgolfcourses havebeenrapidlydevelopedwithinthelastthreedecadesinnon-golf-traditionalcountriessuchas
39.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 987 39.2Golf Course Putting Greens .................................................................................................990 39.3Golf Course Putting Green Turfgrasses ...............................................................................990 39.4Selected Stresses Associated with Putting Green Turfgrasses ............................................. 991
39.4.1Summer Heat Stress.................................................................................................. 991 39.4.2 Shade Stress ..............................................................................................................992 39.4.3Disease Stress ...........................................................................................................995 39.4.4Weed Stress ...............................................................................................................997 39.4.5Salinity Stress ...........................................................................................................999 39.4.6Low-Temperature Stress .........................................................................................1000 39.4.7 Drought and Waterlogging Stresses ........................................................................ 1001 39.4.8Wear, Ball Mark, Divots, Thatch Layer, and Organic Matter Stresses .................. 1001 39.4.9Insect and Mite Pest Stresses .................................................................................. 1002
39.5Selected Nutrients with Impacts to Putting Green Turfgrasses under Stresses .................. 1003 39.5.1The Group with the Greatest Impacts .................................................................... 1003
39.5.1.1 Nitrogen ................................................................................................... 1003 39.5.1.2Potassium .................................................................................................1004 39.5.1.3Phosphorus ...............................................................................................1004 39.5.1.4Iron ........................................................................................................... 1005
39.5.2The Important Group ..............................................................................................1006 39.5.2.1 Sulfur .......................................................................................................1006 39.5.2.2Calcium ....................................................................................................1006
