ABSTRACT
In addition to the catastrophic actions imposed by fires, earthquakes and volcanoes, there are actions due to other causes, such as extreme winds, floods, snow and avalanches with tremendous consequences. For instance, Figure 1 shows clearly that the catastrophes due to floods and extreme winds are much more significant, particularly in the recent years, in comparison with those due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This chapter will provide some insight into these additional actions originating from extreme winds, floods, snow and avalanches.
