ABSTRACT
Biologists, land-use planners, and resource managers working in Canada recognize the importance of the cumulative effects of human developments when managing and conserving wildlife (Schneider et al. 2003; Johnson et al. 2005; Aumann et al. 2007; Nitschke 2008). Although acute occurrences of disturbance and habitat change are of immediate concern during most regulatory decisions, it is the cumulative changes in natural systems resulting from incremental or continuous anthropogenic activities that are the most difœcult to understand, manage, and, if necessary, mitigate. There are too many case studies to ignore or dismiss the long-term in™uences of humans on the distribution and abundance of wildlife (Mattson and Merrill 2002; Laliberte and Ripple 2004; Vors et al. 2007).
