ABSTRACT
The research has been conducted in the Makanya catchment in Northern Tanzania
(Figure 3.1). The Makanya River is a tributary of the Pangani River which originates
from the Kilimanjaro region and drains into the Indian Ocean covering a catchment
area of about 42 000 km2 (Pangani Basin Water Office, 2005). The Makanya River
drains a catchment area of 320 km2(Enfors, 2009). The headwaters of the Makanya
River originate in the South Pare Mountains at an altitude of about 2100 m (Mul et
al., 2008) and flows through subsistence rainfed farming systems before discharging
into the Pangani. The terrain changes dramatically from mountainous in the upper
part of the catchment (Vudee villages) to midlands (Bangalala and Mwembe villages)
and, finally, flatter lowlands at the downstream end of the catchment (Makanya
Figure 3.1 The Makanya Catchment.