ABSTRACT
Klebsiella is ubiquitous in nature, and has been found in surface water, sewage, soil, and plants, and colonize mucosal
78.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 905 78.1.1 ClassiŠcation, Morphology, and Biology ............................................................................................................ 905 78.1.2 Clinical Features and Pathogenesis ..................................................................................................................... 906
78.1.2.1 Community-Acquired Klebsiella Infections ......................................................................................... 906 78.1.2.2 Healthcare-Associated Infections Caused by Klebsiella ...................................................................... 907 78.1.2.3 Virulence of K. pneumoniae ................................................................................................................. 907
78.1.3 Diagnosis ............................................................................................................................................................. 907 78.1.3.1 Conventional Techniques ...................................................................................................................... 908 78.1.3.2 Molecular Techniques ........................................................................................................................... 909
78.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................911 78.2.1 Sample Preparation ...............................................................................................................................................911 78.2.2 Detection Procedures ........................................................................................................................................... 913
78.2.2.1 Real-Time PCR IdentiŠcation ............................................................................................................... 913 78.2.2.2 Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Expression Measurements ............................................ 913
78.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives................................................................................................................................914 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................................914 References ..................................................................................................................................................................................914
