ABSTRACT
It is now well recognized by the feed industry (as mentioned in Chapter 14, “Feeding DDGS to Swine”) that increasing quantities of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are entering the ingredient market. Coproducts from dry grind processing of cereal grains for alcohol production have been available to poultry and livestock producers for many years. For those interested in a history of this ingredient, a substantial scienti„c literature exists in both refereed journal and proceedings of conferences, particularly the Distillers Feed Conference. In 1970, Dr. M. L. Scott presented a paper entitled “Twenty-Five Years of Research on Distillers Feeds in Broiler” (Scott, 1970). Aside from Dr. Scott, many prominent poultry nutritionists of the day were active in studying the use of this ingredient, these including G. F. Combs, Sr. (Combs and Bossard, 1969), T. D. Runnels (Runnels, 1966, 1968), R. H. Harms (Harms et al., 1969), and L. S. Jensen (Jensen et al., 1974, 1978). Although the coproducts were considered better suited for ruminants because of their relatively high „ber content, Morrison (1954) suggested that chick diets could contain up to 8% distillers grains and that diets for laying hens could contain up to 10% distillers grains without affecting performance. No adverse effects on growth performance of broiler chickens or egg production of laying hens were detected when diets with up to 20% DDGS from beverage-alcohol production were fed (Matterson et al., 1966; Waldroup et al., 1981), although the feed utilization of broilers tended to decrease when 25% corn DDGS was included in the diet (Waldroup et al., 1981). In addition to being a source of
15.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 317 15.2 Nutrient Composition of DDGS for Poultry ......................................................................... 319
15.2.1 Energy ....................................................................................................................... 319 15.2.2 Amino Acids/Protein ................................................................................................ 321 15.2.3 Phosphorus ................................................................................................................ 324 15.2.4 Minerals .................................................................................................................... 325 15.2.5 Carotenoid Pigments (Xanthophyll) ......................................................................... 326 15.2.6 Mycotoxins ............................................................................................................... 327
15.3 Feeding DDGS to Poultry .................................................................................................... 327 15.3.1 Meat Production (Broiler Chickens and Turkeys) .................................................... 327 15.3.2 Egg Production (Laying Hens) ................................................................................. 329
15.4 Environmental Aspects of Feeding Coproducts from the Ethanol Industry to Poultry ....... 330 15.5 Formulating Diets with DDGS for Poultry ........................................................................... 331 15.6 Potential Practical Limitations for Use of DDGS in Poultry Diets ...................................... 332 15.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 334 References ...................................................................................................................................... 334
protein and energy, distillers grains was especially useful as a source of the water-soluble vitamins before chemical synthesis and the commercialization of vitamins (Morrison, 1954; Matterson et al., 1966). Nevertheless, in recent decades DDGS has only rarely been a component of broiler and layer feeds, despite the dramatic growth of the poultry industry. The lack of interest in DDGS seems to stem partly from a relatively limited supply, competing use in ruminant feeds without having to dry the product, and concerns over an occasionally inconsistent composition. The DDGS available many decades ago was derived primarily from the beverage industry based on the fermentation of a variety of grains, in addition to commercial production of alcohol. However, in recent years, policies encouraging the production of ethanol have stimulated an enormous increase in the production of DDGS, through a fermentation process that is slightly different from those of beverage-alcohol production. The DDGS ingredient that is currently becoming available differs from that of previous decades in that it is derived almost entirely from corn and is dried under less severe conditions. As a result, over 98% of the fermentation coproducts available today are from fuel ethanol production using corn grain as a substrate (University of Minnesota, 2008a).
